The genetic diversity of cholera bacteria
Order ID |
53563633773 |
Type |
Essay |
Writer Level |
Masters |
Style |
APA |
Sources/References |
4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order |
5-10 Pages |
Description/Paper Instructions
The genetic diversity of cholera bacteria
One of the key features of V. cholerae is its genetic diversity. The bacterium can exist in a number of different forms, each with its own unique characteristics and adaptations. One of the most important forms of V. cholerae is the classical biotype, which is responsible for the majority of cholera epidemics worldwide. This biotype is characterized by its ability to produce cholera toxin, a potent virulence factor that causes the severe diarrhea associated with cholera.
Another important form of V. cholerae is the El Tor biotype. This biotype emerged in the early 20th century and is responsible for the majority of cholera cases in the world today. Unlike the classical biotype, the El Tor biotype is able to survive in the human gut for extended periods of time, allowing it to cause chronic infections. Additionally, the El Tor biotype is able to form a thick biofilm on surfaces, which protects it from environmental stressors and makes it more difficult to eradicate.
- cholerae is also capable of exchanging genetic material with other bacteria through a process known as horizontal gene transfer. This allows the bacterium to acquire new genes and adapt to new environments. For example, some strains of V. cholerae have acquired genes that allow them to resist antibiotics, making them more difficult to treat. Additionally, some strains of V. cholerae have acquired genes that allow them to survive in the presence of heavy metals, such as copper and zinc, which are toxic to most bacteria.
Furthermore, V. cholerae can also exist in a non-toxigenic form, meaning it does not produce cholera toxin. Non-toxigenic strains of V. cholerae can also cause diarrhea, but the symptoms are typically less severe. These strains of V. cholerae are often found in the environment and can serve as a reservoir for the toxigenic strains. This means that, even if a population is protected from cholera through vaccination or treatment, the non-toxigenic strains can still be present and may be able to cause infections if the conditions are right.
In conclusion, the genetic diversity of V. cholerae plays a crucial role in the ability of the bacterium to cause disease and adapt to different environments. The classical and El Tor biotypes are responsible for the majority of cholera cases, but other forms of the bacterium also exist. Additionally, V. cholerae can acquire new genes through horizontal gene transfer, allowing it to become resistant to antibiotics and survive in the presence of heavy metals. The presence of non-toxigenic strains also represents a potential reservoir for the disease. Understanding the genetic diversity of V. cholerae is important for developing effective strategies to prevent and control cholera outbreaks.
RUBRIC
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Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. |
30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. |
40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. |
50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. |
Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). |
Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. |
5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. |
10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. |
15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. |
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. |
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) |
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5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors |
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors |
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. |
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. |
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. |
5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper |
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. |
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. |
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The genetic diversity of cholera bacteria
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