Order ID |
53563633773 |
Type |
Essay |
Writer Level |
Masters |
Style |
APA |
Sources/References |
4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order |
5-10 Pages |
Description/Paper Instructions
SPSS Tests of Significance Essay Assignment
Assignment 2: Tests of Significance
Throughout this assignment you will review six mock studies. Follow the step-by-step instructions:
- Mock Studies 1 – 3 require you to enter data from scratch. You need to create a data set for each of the three mock studies by yourself. (Refresh the data entry skill acquired in Week 1.)
- Mock Studies 4 – 6 require you to use the GSS 2016 dataset. The variables are specified in each Mock Study.
- Go through the five steps of hypothesis testing (as covered in the lesson for Week 4) for EVERY mock study.
- All calculations should be coming from your SPSS. You will need to submit the SPSS output file (.spv) to get credit for this assignment.
The five steps of hypothesis testing when using SPSS are as follows:
- State your research hypothesis (H1) and null hypothesis (H0).
- Identify your significance level (alpha) at .05 or .01, based on the mock study. In Mock Study One, you are required to use BOTH .05 and .01 to test your hypotheses. For the remaining mock studies, you only need to use ONE level of significance (either .05 or .01) as specified in the instructions.
- Conduct your analysis using SPSS.
- Look for the valid score for comparison. This score is usually under ‘Sig 2-tail’ or ‘Sig. 2’ or ‘Asymptotic Sig.’ We will call this “p.”
- Compare the two and apply the following rule:
- If “p” is < or = alpha, then you reject the null.
- Please explain what this decision means in regards to this mock study. (Ex: Will you recommend counseling services?)
Please make sure your answers are clearly distinguishable. Perhaps you could bold your font or use a different color.
This assignment is due no later than Sunday of Week 5 by 11:55 pm ET. Save this Word file in the following format: [your last name_SOCI332_A2]. Your spv (SPSS output) file should be labeled [your last name_SOCI332_A2Output].
t-Tests
Mock Study 1: t-Test for a Single Sample (20 points)
- Researchers are interested in whether depressed people undergoing group therapy will perform a different number of activities of daily living after group therapy than the average for depressed people. The researchers randomly selected 12 depressed clients to undergo a 6-week group therapy program.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing to determine whether the average number of activities of daily living (shown below in the table) obtained after therapy is significantly different from a mean number of activities of 17 that is typical for depressed people. (Clearly list each step).
Test the difference at both the .05 and .01 levels of significance.
As part of Step 5, indicate whether the behavioral scientists should recommend group therapy for all depressed people based on evaluation of the null hypothesis at both levels of significance (.05 and .01).
Data to be entered in SPSS (instructions below)
CLIENT |
AFTER THERAPY |
A |
18 |
B |
14 |
C |
11 |
D |
25 |
E |
24 |
F |
17 |
G |
14 |
H |
10 |
I |
23 |
J |
11 |
K |
22 |
L |
19 |
Step 1: Data managing
- Open a blank SPSS data file: File( New( Data
- In the blank SPSS data file, create your SPSS data set by entering the number of activities of daily living performed by the depressed clients (numbers listed under AFTER THERAPY – see above) in the Data View window.
- In the Variable View window, change the variable name to “ADL.” Set the decimals to zero.
Step 2: SPSS execution
- Click: Analyze ( Compare Means ( One-Sample T test ( use the arrow to move “ADL” to the Variable(s) window on the right.
- Enter the population mean (17) in “Test Value”
- Click OK.
Mock Study 2: t- Test for Dependent Means (15 points)
- Researchers are interested in whether depressed people undergoing group therapy will perform a different number of activities of daily living before and after group therapy. The researchers randomly selected 8 depressed clients in a 6-week group therapy program.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing to determine whether the observed differences in the numbers of activities of daily living obtained before and after therapy are statistically significant at .05 level of significance. (Clearly list each step).
As part of Step 5, indicate whether the researchers should recommend group therapy for all depressed people based on evaluation of the null hypothesis.
Data to be entered in SPSS (instructions below)
CLIENT |
BEFORE THERAPY |
AFTER THERAPY |
A |
11 |
17 |
B |
7 |
12 |
C |
10 |
12 |
D |
13 |
21 |
E |
9 |
16 |
F |
8 |
17 |
G |
13 |
17 |
H |
12 |
8 |
Step 1: Managing data
- Open a blank SPSS data file: File(New(Data
- In the blank SPSS data file, create your SPSS data set by entering the number of activities of daily living performed by the depressed clients (see above) in the Data View window. Enter the “before therapy” scores in the first column and the “after therapy” scores in the second column.
- In the Variable View window, change the variable name for the first variable to “ADLPRE” and the second variable to “ADLPOST.” Set the decimals for both variables to zero.
Step 2: SPSS execution
- Click: Analyze ( Compare Means (Paired-Samples t-Test ( use the arrow to move ADLPRE under “variable 1” inside Paired Variable(s) window( and then use the arrow to move ADLPOST under “variable 2” inside Paired Variable(s) window.
- Click OK.
Mock Study 3: t-Test for Independent Samples (15 points)
- Six months after an industrial accident, a researcher has been asked to compare the job satisfaction of employees who participated in counseling sessions with those who chose not to participate. The job satisfaction scores for both groups are reported in the table below.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing to determine whether the job satisfaction scores of the group that participated in counseling session are statistically different from the scores of employees who chose not to participate in counseling sessions at .01 level of significance. (Clearly list each step).
As part of Step 5, indicate whether the researcher should recommend counseling as a method to improve job satisfaction following industrial accidents based on evaluation of the null hypothesis.
Data to be entered in SPSS (instructions below)
PARTICIPATED IN COUNSELING |
DID NOT PARTICIPATE IN COUNSELING |
36 |
38 |
39 |
36 |
41 |
36 |
36 |
32 |
37 |
30 |
35 |
39 |
37 |
41 |
39 |
35 |
42 |
33 |
Step 1: Data managing
- Open a blank SPSS data file: File( New( Data
- In the blank SPSS data file, create your SPSS data set by entering the number of activities of daily living performed by those who participated/did not participate in the counseling sessions (reported on previous page). Please create two columns. Column one is the test variable, where you enter ALL the 18 scores in the table. Column 2 is the grouping variable, where you use “1” to indicate if a score is from someone who participated in the counseling sessions; and “0” to indicate if a score is from someone who chose not to participate in the counseling sessions. The data set will look like this in SPSS Data View window:
36 1
49 1
……….
39 0
36 0
……….
- After data entry, go to Variable View window, change the name of the first variable (test variable) to “ADL” and the second variable (grouping variable) as “group.” Set decimals for both variables to zero.
Step 2: SPSS execution
- Click: Analyze( Compare Means(Independent-Samples T Test( use arrow to move ADL to “Test Variable” ( use arrow to move “group” to “Grouping Variable” (when two (? ?) appear, click Define Groups. On the next pop up window, enter “1” for “Group 1” and “0” to “Group 2.”
- Click OK.
ANOVA (15 points)
Mock study 4
- An advertising firm has been hired to assess whether different demographics have different rates of TV watching to help determine their advertising strategy. Using the GSS 2016 data, determine whether hours of tv watched differs by race.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing to determine whether the observed differences in the number of hours watching TV across three groups are statistically significant at .05 level of significance. (Clearly list each step).
As part of Step 5, indicate whether the advertising firm should target each racial group differently (if their habits differ) based on evaluation of the null hypothesis.
Variables from GSS 2016 dataset to be used (instructions below):
RACE – race of respondent 1 = WHITE
2 = BLACK
3 = OTHER
TVHOURS – hours per day watching TV
Step 1: Data managing
- Open a blank SPSS data file: File( Open Data( GSS2016.sav (from wherever you have it saved)
Step 2: SPSS execution
- Click: Analyze ( Compare Means ( One-Way ANOVA ( use arrow to move TVHOURS to “Dependent Variable list” ( use arrow to move RACE to “Factor,” which instructs SPSS to conduct the analysis of variance on the number of activities performed by therapy type.
- Click: Options ( Descriptive (to obtain descriptive statistics).
- Click: Continue
- Click: OK.
Additional question based on Mock Study 4
- Describe the circumstances under which you should use ANOVA instead of t-Tests. Explain why t-Tests are inappropriate in these circumstances.
Chi-Square (20 points)
Mock study 5-1: Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit
- Researchers are interested in whether US adults have different levels of confidence in the President (executive branch) of the federal government.
Following the five steps of hypothesis testing, conduct “goodness of fit” chi-square test to determine whether the observed frequencies are significantly different from the expected frequencies at the .01 level of significance. (Clearly list each step).
As part of Step 5, indicate whether the observed frequency is significantly different from the expected frequency when equal number of adults in each confidence category is assumed (100%/3=33%); and what does this mean in regard to this mock study.
Variable from GSS 2016 dataset to be used (instructions below):
CONFED – confidence in executive branch of federal government 1 = A GREAT DEAL
2 = ONLY SOME
3 = HARDLY ANY
Step 1: Data managing
- Open a blank SPSS data file: File( Open Data( GSS2016.sav (from wherever you have it saved)
Step 2: SPSS execution
- Click: Analyze ( Non-Parametric Tests ( Legacy Dialogs ( Chi-Square ( use the arrow to move CONFED to “Test Variable list.”
- This procedure instructs SPSS that the chi-square for goodness of fit should be performed on the confidence in federal government variable. Note that “All categories equal” is the default selection in the “Expected Values” box, which means that SPSS will conduct the goodness of fit test using equal expected frequencies for each of the four styles, in other words, SPSS will assume that the proportions of students each style are equal.
- Click OK.
Mock study 5-2: Chi-Square Test for Independence
- Next, researchers categorized the same group from the previous study based on the level of confidence in the federal government and whether that person is of a certain (self-identified) social class. These data are presented below.
Following the five steps of hypothesis testing, conduct chi-square test for independence at the .05 level of significance. (Clearly list each step).
As part of Step 5, indicate whether the observed frequency is significantly different from the expected frequency; and what that means in regard to this mock study. In other words, does social class effect one’s confidence in the President?
Variables from GSS 2016 dataset to be used (instructions below):
CONFED – confidence in executive branch of federal government 1 = A GREAT DEAL
2 = ONLY SOME
3 = HARDLY ANY
CLASS – subjective class identification 1 = LOWER CLASS
2 = WORKING CLASS
3 = MIDDLE CLASS
4 = UPPER CLASS
5 = NO CLASS
Step 1: Data managing
- Continue to work on the data set already opened in Mock Study 5-1: goodness of fit Chi-square test.
Step 2: SPSS execution
- Click: Analyze ( Descriptive Statistics ( Crosstabs ( use arrow to move “CLASS” to “Column(s)”( use arrow to move “CONFED” to “Row(s).” (Recall in crosstab, DV is always in the row and IV is always in the column.)
- Click: Statistics ( check “Chi-Square.”
- Click: Continue.
- Click: Cells( check “Expected.”
- Click: Continue.
- Click: OK.
Regression (15 points)
Mock study 6-1: Linear Regression
- Researchers in the field of gerontology are researching the effects of age on mental health. They are using GSS data to gather some preliminary findings.
Following the five steps of hypothesis testing, conduct a linear regression analysis to determine whether age affects number of poor mental health days at the .05 level of significance. (Clearly list each step).
As part of Step 5, indicate whether there is a significant relationship between age and mental health at the .05 level and what does this mean in regard to this mock study. Should the researchers continue their study?
Variables from GSS 2016 dataset to be used (instructions below):
AGE – age of respondent
MNTLHLTH – Days of poor mental health past 30 days
Step 1: Data managing
- Open a blank SPSS data file: File( Open Data( GSS2016.sav (from wherever you have it saved)
Step 2: SPSS execution
- Click: Analyze ( Regression ( Linear ( use arrow to move MNTLHLTH to “Dependent list” ( use arrow to move AGE to “Independent,” which instructs SPSS to conduct the linear regression on the relationship of age to poor mental health.
- Click: OK.
This assignment is due no later than Sunday of Week 5 by 11:55 pm ET.
Save this file (as a Word file) in the following format: [your last name_SOCI332_A2]. You must also submit an SPSS output file (.spv) labeled [your last name_SOCI332_A2Output].
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE |
NO RESPONSE |
POOR / UNSATISFACTORY |
SATISFACTORY |
GOOD |
EXCELLENT |
Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. |
30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. |
40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. |
50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. |
Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). |
Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. |
5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. |
10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. |
15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. |
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. |
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors |
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors |
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. |
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. |
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. |
5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper |
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. |
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. |
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