Order ID | 53563633773 |
Type | Essay |
Writer Level | Masters |
Style | APA |
Sources/References | 4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order | 5-10 Pages |
Plant Growth with and Without Added Nutrients
Table Example: Plant Growth with and Without Added Nutrients
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Lab 1: Introduc on to Science
Graph: A visual representa on of the rela onship between the independent and dependent variable.
They are typically created by using data from a table. Graphs are useful in iden fying trends and illus‐
tra ng findings. When construc ng a graph, it is important to use appropriate, consistent numerical
intervals. Titles and axes labels should also reflect the data table informa on. There are several differ‐
ent types of graphs, and each type serves a different purpose. Examples include line graphs or bar
graphs. Line graphs show the rela onship between variables using plo ed points that are connected
with a line. There must be a direct rela onship and dependence between each point connected. More
than one set of data can be presented on a line graph. By comparison, bar graphs: compare results that
are independent from each other, as opposed to a con nuous series.
Speed (kph)
Figure 4: Top speed for Cars A, B, C, and D
Figure 3: Plant growth, with and without nutrients, over me
Height (mm)
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Lab 1: Introduc on to Science
A er compiling the data, scien sts analyze the data to determine if the experiment supports or re‐
futes the hypothesis. If the hypothesis is supported, you may want to consider addi onal variables
that should be examined. If your data does not provide clear results, you may want to consider run‐
ning addi onal trials or revising the procedure to create a more precise outcome.
One way to analyze data is to calculate percent error. Many experiments perform trials which calcu‐
late known value. When this happens, you can compare experimental results to known values and cal‐
culate percent error. Low percent error indicates that results are accurate, and high percent error indi‐
cates that results are inaccurate. The formula for percent error is:
Note that the brackets in the numerator indicate “absolute value”. This means that the number in the
equa on is always posi ve.
Suppose your experiment involves gravity. Your experimental results indicate that the speed of gravity
is 10.1 m/s 2 , but the known value for gravity is 9.8 m/s
2 . We can calculate the percent error through
the following steps:
The scien fic method gives us a great founda on to conduct scien fic reasoning. The more data and
observa ons we are able to make, the more we are able to accurately reason through the natural phe‐
nomena which occur in our daily lives. Scien fic reasoning does not always include a structured lab
report, but it always helps society to think through difficult concepts and determine solu ons. For ex‐
ample, scien fic reasoning can be used to create a response to the changing global climate, develop
medical solu ons to health concerns, or even learn about subatomic par cles and tendencies.
Although the scien fic method and scien fic reasoning can guide society through cri cal or abstract
thinking, the scien fic industry typically promotes lab reports as a universal method of data analysis
and presenta on. In general terms, a lab report is a scien fic paper describing the premise of an ex‐
periment, the procedures taken, and the results of the study. They provide a wri en record of what
Percent Error = |(Experimental—Actual)| x 100% Actual
Percent Error = |(10.1 m/ s2 ‐ 9.8 m/s
2 )| x 100%
(9.8 m/s 2 )
Percent Error = |0.3 | x 100% (Note the units cancel each other out) (9.8 )
Percent Error = 0.0306 x 100% = 3.1% (Remember the significant digits)
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Lab 1: Introduc on to Science
took place to help others learn and expedite future experimental pro‐
cesses. Though most lab reports go unpublished, it is important to
write a report that accurately characterizes the experiment per‐
formed.
Title A short statement summarizing the topic
Abstract A brief summary of the methods, results and conclusions. It should not exceed 200 words and should be the last part wri en.
Introduc on
An overview of why the experiment was conducted. It should include:
Materials and Methods A detailed descrip on of what was used to conduct the experiment, what was actually done (step by step) and how it was done. The descrip on should be exact enough that someone reading the report can replicate the experiment.
Results Data and observa ons obtained during the experiment. This sec on should be clear and concise. Tables and graphs are o en appropriate in this sec on. Interpreta ons should not be included here.
Discussion
Data interpreta ons and experimental conclusions.
References Any ar cles, books, magazines, interviews, newspapers, etc. that were used to support
your background, experimental protocols, discussions and conclusions.
Part of the Lab Report Purpose
Figure 5: Lab reports are an important part of science, providing a way to
report conclusions and ideas.
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Lab 1: Introduc on to Science
Exercise 1: Data Interpreta on
Dissolved oxygen is oxygen that is trapped in a fluid, such as water. Since virtually every living organ‐
ism requires oxygen to survive, it is a necessary component of water systems such as streams, lakes
and rivers in order to support aqua c life. The dissolved oxygen is measured in units of ppm—or parts
per million. Examine the data in Table 2 showing the amount of dissolved oxygen present and the
number of fish observed in the body of water the sample was taken from; finally, answer the ques‐
ons below.
Ques ons
What pa erns do you observe based on the informa on in Table 2?
Develop a hypothesis rela ng to the amount of dissolved oxygen measured in the water sample
and the number of fish observed in the body of water.
What would your experimental approach be to test this hypothesis?
What would be the independent and dependent variables?
What would be your controls?
Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)
2 4 6
Number of Fish Observed
1 3 10
Table 2: Water Quality vs. Fish Popula on
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Lab 1: Introduc on to Science
What type of graph would be appropriate for this data set? Why?
Graph the data from Table 2: Water Quality vs. Fish Popula on (found at the beginning of this
experiment).
Interpret the data from the graph made in Ques on 7.
Exercise 2: Testable Observa ons
Determine which of the following observa ons are testable. For those that are testable:
Determine if the observa on is qualita ve or quan ta ve
Write a hypothesis and null hypothesis
What would be your experimental approach?
What are the dependent and independent variables?
What are your controls ‐ both posi ve and nega ve?
How will you collect your data?
How will you present your data (charts, graphs, types)?
How will you analyze your data?
Observa ons
When a plant is placed on a window sill, it grows 3 inches faster per day than when it is placed on
a coffee table in the middle of the living room.
Quan ta ve
The teller at the bank with brown hair and brown eyes is taller than the other tellers.
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Lab 1: Introduc on to Science
When Sally eats healthy foods and exercises regularly, her blood pressure is 10 points lower than
when she does not exercise and eats fa y foods.
The Italian restaurant across the street closes at 9 pm but the one two blocks away closes at 10
For the past two days, the clouds have come out at 3 pm and it has started raining at 3:15 pm.
George did not sleep at all the night following the start of daylight savings.
Exercise 3: Conversion
For each of the following, convert each value into the designated units.
46,756,790 mg = _______ kg
5.6 hours = ________ seconds
13.5 cm = ________ inches
47 °C = _______ °F
Exercise 4: Accuracy and Precision
For the following, determine whether the informa on is accurate, precise, both or neither.
During gym class, four students decided to see if they could beat the norm of 45 sit‐ups in a mi‐
nute. The first student did 64 sit‐ups, the second did 69, the third did 65, and the fourth did 67.
The average score for the 5th grade math test is 89.5. The top 4th graders took the test and
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Lab 1: Introduc on to Science
scored 89, 93, 91 and 87.
Yesterday the temperature was 89 °F, tomorrow it’s supposed to be 88°F and the next day it’s
supposed to be 90°F, even though the average for September is only 75°F degrees!
Four friends decided to go out and play horseshoes. They took a picture
of their results shown to the right:
A local grocery store was holding a contest to see who could most closely
guess the number of pennies that they had inside a large jar. The first six
people guessed the numbers 735, 209, 390, 300, 1005 and 689. The gro‐
cery clerk said the jar actually contains 568 pennies.
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