GEO 101 Question about geology
Order ID 53563633773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
LARGE-SCALED WASTE (be able to identify them in an image)
The effect of gravity on a slope
Resting angle
Characteristics of mass wasting (be ready to identify these in an image). They are signs of earlier mass wasting: scarp on the head, body, foot, and toes.
Mass wasting triggers
o Water’s Role; Mass Waste in Submarines
o Increasing the weight
o Earthquakes
o Eruptions of volcanoes
o Deforestationo Slopes steepening
Mass wasting is classified as follows:
1 – Composition of the substance
– Mud, Earth, Rock, Mud, Earth, Rock, Mud, Earth, Rock, Mud (Water)
2 – The type of movement
Fall
a slide (along a flat surface)
– Slump steps (along a curved surface)
Flowing (chaotic mixture with water: e.g. mudflow)
3 – The movement’s speed
Fast
– Take it slowly (creep, solifluction)
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE (HYDROLOGIC CYCLE)
Precipitation, Evaporation, Infiltration, Runoff, and Transpiration are some of the processes that occur.
Reservoirs are water storage areas (by size, from greatest to smallest)
STREAMS FORM FROM SURFACE WATERS (be able to identify them in an image)Surface water begins to flow through rills, gullies, and valleys as runoff.
o Basin for Drainage
o Patterns of drainage and drainage density
o Q Discharge
Headwaters, base level, and stream gradient are all part of the stream profile.
o Velocity, or the speed with which something is moving (laminar vs. turbulent)
Stream Evolution Stages:1 Youthful/Degradational stage: The stream is close to the headwaters. Erosion, high energy, and a V-shaped valley Turbulent flow, rapids, and waterfalls
2 Mature/Balanced stage: Slope gradient lowers, downward erosion becomes less prominent.The floodplain is formed by a stream that meanders. Laminar flow is a type of flow that occurs when two or
Changing meanders, cut banks, point bars, and Oxbow Lakes are examples of meanders.
River valley = floodplain
3 Aggradational stage: the formation of braided stream channels.
4 Terminal stage = river mouth/base level Deposition
the function of rushing water is as follows:
Erosion: valleys, cut banks, meanders, and river terraces (=when the sea level drops and the river erodes downhill). The process of stream rejuvenation is referred to as terrace formation
Dissolved, suspended, and bedload transport loads
Low-velocity, low-energy deposition. Landforms found in deposits include bars, point bars, levees, alluvial fans, and deltas.
Overall, channel roughness (water turbulence) and gradient diminish from the headwater to the mouth, but channel size, velocity, and discharge increase.
The volume of a flood discharge is more than the volume of a river channel.
Flooding is prevented by the natural formation of levees.
Large-area regional floods Seasonal regulated by precipitation intensity and duration Slow to build up (days to weeks), slow to recede (weeks to months!)
Flooding is aided by the valley’s flatness (low gradient) and the existence of meanders.
Areas prone to flash flooding Precipitation intensity and duration are controlling factors.
After strong thunderstorms or melting in alpine areas/narrow valleys.
impervious cover in urbanized areas (cement). The period between precipitation and flash flooding is shorter.
Monitoring precipitation, water level (stage), and outflow are all part of the flood assessment process.
Flood mitigation is accomplished through engineering activities (Artificial levees, flood-control dams, and channelization)Floodplain management (also known as land-use planning)
Groundwater
Definition. The Source of Groundwater
How does the water table work? Springs
The cooling of igneous rock heats the hot springs.
o Geysers
o Hot springs produce travertine limestone.
Streamflow is balanced by groundwater.
Streams and the groundwater table: gaining and losing stream
Groundwater travels through soil, sediments, and rocks due to gravity.
It travels slowly, and its speed is determined by porosity and permeability.
Darcy’s rule
Groundwater is transmitted through permeable rocks and sediments in the aquifer.
Aquitard is a type of impermeable rock that keeps water from moving through it.
Groundwater in a confined aquifer is under strain
Well with artesian water.towers of water
Qanat, vertical wells, cones of depression, and water level management in wells are all examples of wells.
Erosion is caused by groundwater.
Groundwater, which is slightly acidic, dissolves the Aquifer’s carbonate rocks over time.
Caves and sinkholes are formed.
Topography of karst Extreme karst reduces the landscape to isolated limestone pinnacles.
Groundwater effects of urbanization and agriculture
o Ground subsidence and water withdrawal
Contamination of groundwater
o Freshwater aquifers are being encroached upon by saltwater.
Highway salt, fertilizers, pesticides, chemical and industrial waste, septic tanks, and landfill leaks are all examples of pollution. Contaminants mix with the water in the earth.
Sinkholes
Glaciers
Elevation and latitude are two factors that influence ice development.
Connection between sea-level rise and glacier ice. If all the ice in the world were to melt, the sea level would rise.
ice on the sea
Variability, thickness, and formation condition
Various types of glaciers
1- Ice Sheets and Glaciers on the Continent. Greenland and Antarctica are the largest on Earth, formed on land (NOT IN THE SEA).
Antarctica’s highest ice thickness in percent.
Shelves made of ice iceberg iceberg iceberg iceberg iceberg iceberg iceberg iceberg iceberg
Valley (or alpine) glaciers are the second type of glacier.
be able to recognize these elements in a photograph
Glacial abrasion and plucking result in the following:
Cirque, Horn, Arete, U-shaped valley, Hanging valley, Fjord are some of the landforms.
Till, Moraines, and Moraines Types = Glacial Deposits
Lakes in the Alps
Processes of Waves and Coastlines The Coastal Zone (be able to identify them in an image)
Emergent and submerged coastlines, as well as their characteristics
Surf zone, currents, wave motion, wave breaking
high mechanical energy (mass and velocity), which is amplified in the cold
Waves erode newly formed coastlines.
o cliffs carved by waves, sea arches, sea stacks, stumps, and caverns
o Wave erosion is concentrated on headlands; the coastline is straighter.
Waves on sand beaches and sandbars
currents are caused by wavefronts that hit the shoreline at an angle.
Spits, tombolos, sand bars, and barrier islands are all affected by longshore currents, which transport and deposit material. These deposits, particularly barrier islands, are subjected to storm surges and can be destroyed before being rebuilt by longshore current transport.
Currents that rip
Tidal currents (flood current and ebb current) are the flows of water that accompany the rising and full of the tide.
Sea surface currents: how they circulate on the surface of the world oceans and how they differ from other currents (no need to memorize current names!!!!)
Erosion of the coastline is a risk.
Protection of shorelines against longshore currents and storm surges is a mitigation strategy.
1 – What are building structures and how do they work?
Seawalls, Jetties, Breakwaters, and Groin
2 – Beach nourishment, which involves delivering sand to the beach to replenish the sand that has been eroded by longshore currents and storms.
3 – Change of addressHurricanes, storm surges, and coastal flooding are all potential hazards.
Formation, measurements, and land effectsClimate
Definition
Proxy servers: (those we described in lecture)
How does the climate change, what are the consistent changes, what are the different levels of change, and what are the fluctuations?
Factors affecting long-term climate change (millions of years)
The atmosphere’s composition.
The geographical location of the landmasses (controls heat absorbed and distributed by the land). Continental ice accumulation
Oceanic circulation, which regulates the movement of heat and precipitation from low to high latitudes.
Factors affecting climate change in the short term (hundreds of thousands to thousands of years)
Eccentricity, obliquity, and precession are all cyclical variations of the Orbital Parameters (Milankovich cycles) that affect the amount of solar energy received (and their duration)
Factors affecting climate change in the short term (centuries to decades to years)
Oscillations in the atmosphere’s complicated structure are to blame.
Definition and fluctuations of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The Little Ice Age was a period of glaciation that lasted only a few thousand
El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
Human history and climate change
Climate change is caused by humans.
The terms “hazard,” “risk,” and “mitigation” are all used interchangeably
Definitions, types of mitigation interventions, knowledge, monitoring, engineering, land use planning, and readiness are some of the topics covered.
An example of anthropogenic dangers is given.
Definition of sanitary landfills, their role, and critical concerns before, during, and after operations
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. 50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). 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APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. 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