Experiencing Severe Headaches and Nausea
Order ID 53563633773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
Experiencing Severe Headaches and Nausea
Florence is an active 44-year-old elementary school teacher who began experiencing severe headaches and nausea. She told her physician that her energy level had been reduced dramatically in the last few months, and her arms and legs felt like they “weighed 100 pounds each,” particularly after she worked out in the gym. The doctor performed a complete physical and noticed that she did have reduced strength in her arms and legs and that her left eyelid was droopier than her right.
He referred her to an ophthalmologist, who discovered that she had an unusual pigment accumulation on her retina that had not yet affected her vision. She then visited a clinical geneticist, who examined the mitochondria in her muscles. She was diagnosed with a mitochondrial genetic disorder known as Kearns Sayre syndrome. Mitochondria are responsible for the conversion of food molecules into energy to meet the cell’s energy needs. In mitochondrial disorders, these biochemical processes are abnormal, and energy production is reduced.
Muscle tends to be affected particularly because it requires a lot of energy, but other tissues, such as the brain, may also be involved. In the microscope, the mitochondria in muscle from people with mitochondrial disorders look abnormal, and often accumulate around the edges of muscle fibers. This produces a particular staining pattern known as a “ragged red” appearance, and this is usually how mitochondrial disorders are diagnosed. Mitochondrial disorders affect people in many ways. The most common problem is a combination of mild muscle weakness in the arms and legs, together with droopy eyelids and difficulty in moving the eyes.
Some people do not have problems with their eye muscles but have arm and leg weakness that gets worse after exertion. This weakness may be associated with nausea and headaches. Sometimes muscle weakness is obvious in small babies if the illness is severe, and those babies may have difficulty feeding and swallowing. Other parts of the body may be involved, including the electrical conduction system of the heart. Most mitochondrial disorders are mildly disabling, particularly in people who have eye-muscle and limb weakness.
The age at which the first symptoms develop is variable, ranging from early childhood to late adult life. About 20% of those with mitochondrial disorders have similarly affected relatives. Because only mothers transmit this disorder, it was suspected that some of these conditions are caused by a mutation in the genetic information carried by mitochondria. Mitochondria have their own genes, separate from the genes in the chromosomes of the nucleus.
Only mothers pass mitochondria and their genes to children, whereas the nuclear genes come from both parents. In about one-third of people with mitochondrial disorders, substantial chunks of the mitochondrial genes are deleted. Most of these individuals do not have
affected relatives, and it seems likely that the deletions arise either during development of the egg or during very early development of the embryo. Deletions are particularly common in people with eye muscle weakness and the Kearns-Sayre syndrome.
- Why would mitochondria have their own genomes?
- How would mitochondria be passed from mother to off spring during egg formation? Why doesn’t the father pass mitochondria to off spring?
RUBRIC
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