Subject | Sustainable Design |
Topic | Essential Terms, and Design Activists Buckminster Fuller and Natalie Jeremijenko Professor Littlejohn |
Type | Questions-Answers |
Writer level | University |
Style | APA |
Sources / references | 0 |
Language | English(U.S.) |
Description / paper instructions
there are not a specific requirement for the reference. use the material provided answer all the question in both file
Professor Littlejohn
Name: Wen Yu
Essential Sustainable development terminology: “Sustainability means meeting our needs today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” UIA/AIA World Congress of Architects, June 1993 an·thro·po·gen·ic
Anthropocene: The ‘Anthropocene’ is a term widely used since its coining by Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer in 2000 to denote the present time interval, in which many geologically significant conditions and processes are profoundly altered by human activities. Ecological deficit – the amount by which the Ecological Footprint of a population exceeds the biological capacity of the space available to that population. The national ecological deficit measures the amount by which the country’s footprint (plus the country’s share of biodiversity responsibility) exceeds the ecological capacity of that nation. Ecological footprint – a measure of how much productive land and water an individual, a city, a country, or humanity requires to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb all the waste it generates, using prevailing technology. This land could be anywhere in the world. The Ecological Footprint is measured in ‘global acres [hectares]’. Embodied energy – the energy used during its entire life cycle for manufacturing, transporting, using and disposing. Environmental responsibility – as outlined in Agenda 21 is: “the responsible and ethical management of products and processes from the point of view of health, safety and environmental aspects. Towards this end, business and industry should increase self-regulation, guided by appropriate codes, charters and initiatives integrated into all elements of business planning and decision-making, and fostering openness and dialogue with employees and the public.” Overshoot – the situation when human demand exceeds nature’s supply at the local, national or global scale. According to William Catton, it is “growth beyond an area’s carrying capacity, leading to crash.” Precautionary approach – the essence of the precautionary approach is given in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration, which states; “where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.” Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) – is “a structured, proactive process to strengthen the role of environmental issues in strategic decision making” (Tonk and Verheem, 1998). SEA aims to integrate environmental (biophysical, social and economic) considerations into the earliest stages of policy, plan and programme development (Sadler, 1995). It is therefore a process of integrating the concept of sustainability into strategic decision-making. Waste factor – the ratio between the quantity of prime resource compared to the quantity of output. Whole building – represents a method of siting, designing, equipment and material selection, financing, construction and long-term operation that takes into account the complex nature of buildings and user requirements, and treats the overall building as an integrated system of interacting components Environmental seals-of-approval, eco-seals, and certifications: from third party organizations imply that a product is environmentally superior to other products. Because such broad claims are difficult to substantiate, seals of approval should be accompanied by information that explains the basis for the award. If the seal-of-approval implies that a third party has certifies the product, the certifying party must be truly independent from the advertiser and must have professional expertise in the area that is being certifies. Biodegradable: claims for products that go down the drain, like detergents and shampoos, may be substantiated if the product will degrade in wastewater treatment systems. Degradable: means that the materials will break down and return to nature with in a reasonable short time after customary disposal. Extractivism: A term of growing use in Latin America academia and social movements to describe economic activities that remove of large amounts of a nation’s natural commons for sale on the world market with little or no processing. Extractivism has increasingly formed the base of Latin American economies under neoliberalism. Photodegradable: is degradation caused by the absorption of photons, particularly those wavelengths found in sunlight, such as infrared radiation, visible light and ultraviolet light. Composting: turns degradable materials into usable compost – humus – like material that enriches the soil and returns nutrients to the earth. “Compostable” claims would be appropriate on products or packages that will break down, or become part of usable compost (for example, soil-conditioning material or mulch) in a safe and timely manner in home compost piles. Recyclable: claims on labels and advertisements mean that the product can be collected, separated or recovered from the solid waste stream and used again or reused in the manufacture or assembly of another package or product through an established recycling program. A claim of recyclability should make clear to consumers whether it refers to the product, the package or both. Recycled content: claims on labels and in advertising may be made for materials that have been recovered or diverted from the solid waste stream, either during the manufacturing process (pre-consumer) or after consumer use (post-consumer). If the product or package does not consist of 100 percent recycled content (excluding minor, incidental components), qualifying words – like the percentage of recycled content in the product – must be used to limit the claim. Recycled content includes recycled raw material, as well as used, reconditioned, rebuilt and remanufactured components. Source reduction: refers to reducing or lowering the weight, volume or toxicity of a product or package. To avoid being misleading, source reduction claims must qualify the amount of the source reduction and give the basis for any comparison that is made. These principles apply regardless of whether a term like “source reduced” is used. Refillable: claims should be made only if a system is provided for collecting and returning the package for refill or the later refill of the package by consumer’s with a product subsequently sold in another package. A package should not be marketed with an unqualified refillable claim if it is up to the consumer to find new ways to refill the package. For example, a gallon spring water jug should not be labeled “refillable” just because consumers could refill the jog with tap water. Ozone safe and ozone friendly: claims mean that neither the product nor its packaging harms the atmosphere by contributing to the depletion of the stratosphere (upper atmosphere) ozone layer or to the formation of ground-level ozone. Upper ozone layer: in the upper atmosphere is needed to prevent the sun’s harmful radiation from reaching the earth. Ground level ozone: is when ozone develops at the ground level, it forms smog, which can cause serious breathing problems. CFCs: chemical substances call chlorofluorocarbons – can deplete the earth’s protective ozone layer. In 1978, CFC’s were banned for use as propellants in nearly all consumer aerosol products, and gradually, are being phased out of all products and manufacturing processes. “no CFC’s” or “CFC-Free”: claim is likely to imply that the product contains no ozone-depleting ingredients and should not be made if, indeed, ozone-depleting ingredients are present. Greenwashing: is a term that is used to describe the act of misleading consumers regarding the environmental practices of a company or the environmental benefits of a product or service. Reuse: is using an item more than once. This includes conventional reuse where the item is used again for the same function, and new-life reuse where it is used for a new function. In contrast, recycling is the breaking down of the used item into raw materials which are used to make new items. Federal Trade Commission (FTC): is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act. Its principal mission is the promotion of “consumer protection” and the elimination and prevention of what regulators perceive to be “anti-competitive” business practices Lesson 3 In Class Assignment- “Design Activists”: 45 minutes
Answer the following questions:
The planetary principles defined the safe level
Write three full paragraphs on her position as an activist and scientist in relation to her design methodology.
(TIP: The interactive script beside the movie is very helpful to reference, as what she is saying is so dense.)
CCT433 Lesson 4 In Class Assignment: Chemical Valley, Janine Benyus, Biomimicry, and Designing for the Environment in New Product Design and the Story of Bottled Water
Professor Littlejohn
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Review the video of the Principles of Biomimicry: Janine Benyus’ TED Talk 12 Sustainable Design Ideas from Nature https://www.ted.com/talks/janine_benyus_shares_nature_s_designs and case studies at https://biomimicry.org/biomimicry-examples/
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