Chimp Troop Composition Questions Assignment
Order ID 53563633773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
Chimp Troop Composition Questions Assignment
Lecture:
The first person to do extensive research about primates in the wild was Jane Goodall. Born in England, she went to Africa and worked for Louis Leaky, a famous paleoanthropologist (the Leaky family is mentioned many times in your human evolution text). He wanted to study chimps in the wild because he thought that since they were the most closely related species to us that we could learn about the possible behavior of early hominins by studying chimps. Goodall started her work at Gombe in Tanzania in 1960. Primate research at Gombe and other places around the world is ongoing but since 1987 Goodall herself has devoted most of her time to conservation efforts to try to prevent chimps and other animals, especially primates, from becoming extinct.
Here are some notes from the book Through a Window written by Jane Goodall.
CHIMP TROOP COMPOSITION
Group composition is multi-male/multi-female. Individuals do not stay together all of the time—individuals come together and split apart but overall membership remains the same with the exception of young females, some of whom leave their original group to live with another one when they are adolescents.
The most stable relationship is between a mother and her children; siblings are also important; friendships and alliances are also important
There is aggression in all chimp troops but in some more than in others, depending on the traditions and personalities of each troop. You will see example of this in the different ways that the Gombe chimps in Tanzania and another group of chimps in Uganda behave.
Situations with heightened tensions: reunions of troop members, convergence on a food source, estrus females
Females have estrus: a period when they are fertile and sexually attractive (also known as being “in heat” but this is a demeaning phrase). Females mate only when they are in estrus, when they mate with many males.
LEADERSHIP OF THE TROOP
There is an alpha male.
The prerogatives of a strong alpha: first access to food and estrus females; respect; social control.
There are separate male and female hierarchies. Young males start their attempts to become top-ranking individuals by trying to intimidate females.
GROOMING
It is of supreme importance in maintaining and establishing bonds
It is also an expression of status and solidarity
DIET
fruit
leaves
insects
meat
approximately 6 to 8 hours a day are spent feeding
HUNTING AND TOOL USE
Males hunt communally. The killer gets to keep the carcass but he will share with selected individuals, usually his friends or females in estrus.
They “fish” for termites and ants. Both insects are high in protein. Goodall tried everything that the chimps eat and said that termites tasted a bit like curry.
MOTHER/CHILD RELATIONSHIPS
The usual birth interval is between 4 and 5 years. Young chimps are weaned at about 4 years old; it is not a happy time for the young children because there mother no longer nurses them.
There are many changes in the life of a youngster when a sibling is born, the older child is no longer the center of his/her mother’s care but the family stays together. Young chimps stay with their mothers well into their teens, especially the females.
DIFFERENCES IN MALE/FEMALE ROLES OR TASKS WITHIN THE TROOP: HOW DO YOUNG CHIMPS LEARN “PROPER” BEHAVIOR
What do males and females do differently: males spend considerable time either solitary or in large groups, females tend to stay in small family groups, only occasionally joining in larger groups (the amount of time depends on the personality of the female). Males band together to patrol the borders of their territories looking for intruders.
SEX
Opportunities for mating: alpha’s choice; group sex; clandestine meetings when dominant males are preoccupied.
Chimps go not go through menopause. This can be hard on older females who continue to have babies well into their 40s. Babies that are young when their mothers die do not survive.
CHIMPS AND EARLY HUMANS
Any similarities found in modern humans and in chimps would likely be present in early man (if parallel evolution of behavior can be ruled out [it probably can]; for the study of this, look to other animals, especially baboons who are terrestrial primates and wolves who are pack hunters)
behavioral similarities:
affectionate & supportive & enduring bonds between family members
extended childhood dependency
importance of learned behavior
importance of tool-making and tool using
co-operative hunting
sophisticated social manipulation
aggressive territoriality
physical:
almost 99% of genes the same
similar brain organization
FIRST VIDEO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lV-a5lPgt4g (Links to an external site.)Among The Wild Chimpanzees
This documentary was made in the 1980s when Jane Goodall was still doing active research.
SECOND VIDEO
A Japanese primatologist studying a different group of chimps in a different environment (heavier forest cover) and sharing their territory with different sorts of monkeys. The Gombe and Ugandan chimps have different cultures (remember the anthropological definition of culture). The background music in this video is terrible and overly dramatic but the video itself has a lot of information.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jcGIZ62B4o&t=792s (Links to an external site.)
THIRD SET OF VIDEOS
Back to Gombe. Some of the information in these short videos repeats what was said in the first video but it is more current.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyy2ko191s0&list=PLD0985B458A8DD54F (Links to an external site.)
The questions for this week are directly from this last set of videos but information about them is also in the other two longer videos:
1.“Learning” how did Gaia teach her younger sister what kind of tool to use for termite fishing? “Termite fishing” how and why do chimps fish for termites?
“Displays” what is the main purpose of display? How are displays done? Are other chimps hurt during displays (usually)?
“Tool Use” what are some kinds of tools that chimps use?
“Chimpanzee Mother and Child” how important are the bonds between mothers and children?
Jane Goodall: “We are not, as once we believed, separated from the animal kingdom by an unbridgeable chasm.”
The greatest difference between us and the chimps is in intellect.
Optional for further research if you want, especially the short videos under the title “Chimps of Gombe”:
https://www.youtube.com/user/JaneGoodallInstitute (Links to an external site.)
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. 50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. 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