A Metro Pulse Newspaper Article on Air Pollution
Order ID 53563633773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
A Metro Pulse Newspaper Article on Air Pollution
In July 2001, the Metro Pulse newspaper reported an extensive air pollution problem in the city of Knoxville, Tennessee (Tarr, 2001). The American Lung Association had recently named Knoxville the ninth most polluted city in the country on the basis of the ozone contamination in the air.
The following case study expands on some of the reported facts of the situation to construct hypothetical nursing interventions.
Knoxville’s community health nurses and the public health department were aware of increasing rates of asthma in particular neighborhoods. In the wake of alarming newspaper and research articles about the dangerous incidence of air pollution and related asthma, the nurses decided to make the health issues a priority.
The community health nurses and several nursing students assigned to their department researched the topics and uncovered the following information.
Asthma has long been recognized as a condition in which an acute respiratory response may follow inhalation of a material to which a person is sensitized.
Scientists now know that air pollution can lead to nonspecific generalized inflammation. One study found strong evidence that ozone can cause, as well as exacerbate, asthma (Sheffield, et.al, 2011).
The study found that days with worse AQI values resulted in significantly higher school absences due to respiratory illness, and asthma was more likely to develop in children living in high-ozone communities who actively participated in several outdoor sports than in children in communities not participating in sports.
Indeed, the nation’s leading group of pediatricians, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), revised its policy statement on outdoor air pollution and the health hazards to children (Schwartz, 2004).
The AAP’s Committee on Environmental Health strengthened its warning about the dangers that air pollution poses to children because of the recent studies correlating air pollution with asthma and negative lung growth and function. Estimates are that more than 25 million Americans have asthma (Asthma and Allergy Foundation, 2013).
An economically depressed neighborhood in Knoxville, hypothetically called Trent Park, is situated near numerous railways, freeways, and industrial yards.
High numbers of African American, Latino, and Southeast Asian residents live in the older homes that line the streets of Trent Park. Isolated by language and economic circumstances, many Trent Park residents do not know they are exposed to these environmental health hazards.
Assessment
Elena Garcia, an 8-year-old girl who lives in Trent Park, presented to the pediatric primary clinic at the health department at 8 AM in November.
Elena had been diagnosed with asthma 2 months ago and was now in mild respiratory distress. Elena explained to the nurse that she had gone trick-or-treating the night before in her neighborhood.
It had turned cold that weekend, and she had also played outside in her neighborhood with friends the day before. In addition, the child’s mother explained that Elena had recently had a respiratory virus.
The nurse realized that Elena and her mother both mentioned several factors, such as her playing outside on a cold afternoon/evening in a polluted neighborhood and a respiratory virus, that could have exacerbated her asthma.
At the clinic visit, the nurse assessed the following:
Elena’s heart rate and cardiovascular status
Elena’s pattern of breathing, which includes rate, rhythm, and effort
Elena’s asthma medication history
Evidence of diaphoresis, papillary dilation, and fear, which are all features of the adrenergic response to hypoxia
Elena’s global central nervous system function, such as alertness, cooperation, and motor activity
Elena’s environmental health assessment
Diagnosis
Individual
Ineffective respirations related to environmental exposure to air pollution
Insufficient knowledge related to precipitating factors that can cause/worsen an asthma attack
Stress related to ongoing fear of daughter’s illness
Family
Risk for family crisis related to instability caused by the illness
Insufficient knowledge related to factors that can cause/worsen an asthma attack
Community
Risk for increased incidence of asthma due to air pollution
Inadequate programs for asthma screening
Planning
A plan of care was developed at the individual, family, and community levels. Mutual goal setting and contracting are essential if the outcome is to be optimal.
Individual
Long-Term Goals
Client will modify outdoor time daily according to the AQI
Client will reduce exposure to allergy triggers
Client will avoid secondhand tobacco smoke
Client will keep pets out of the bedroom
Client will experience successful maintenance of asthma
Short-Term Goals
Client will report reduced outdoor time on days with poor AQI values
Client will keep an asthma diary and identify which allergy triggers are problematic
Client will remain free of acute asthma attacks
Family
Long-Term Goals
Family will follow the city’s daily AQI
Family will encourage child to stay indoors on days with high pollution levels
Family will remove as many allergy triggers from home as possible
Family will enforce the pets-out-of-the-bedroom policy
Family will cope effectively with daughter’s asthma
Short-Term Goals
Family will provide encouragement for client to keep an asthma diary
Community
Long-Term Goals
Citizens will be involved in decision-making process about proposed activities that could pose an environmental hazard
Citizens will encourage utility companies, government, and industries to reduce air pollution
Citizens will be encouraged to use mass transit and carpools to reduce vehicle emissions
Short-Term Goals
Citizens will be alerted about the air pollution problem in the area
Citizens will be educated about the AQI and its implications for outdoor activity
Intervention
Individual
Identify Trent Park children with asthma and plan follow-up home visits to provide education on basic pathophysiology, symptoms of distress, and environmental controls needed for successful asthma management
Add environmental health assessments to child health assessment protocol
Coordinate with school nurses to ensure they incorporate similar changes into their health assessment protocols
Prepare and distribute an educational pamphlet with members of Trent Park that details Trent Park residents’ air pollution and asthma risks
Prepare translations of the pamphlet in languages and reading levels appropriate for Trent Park residents, and mail it to individual households.
Family
Facilitate the formation of a support group for families with children who have asthma
Community
Initiate an asthma awareness program for Trent Park community members.
Coordinate with school nurses to implement an asthma awareness program in Trent Park schools.
Develop an asthma action team consisting of Trent Park community members.
Participate in the action team’s development of an intervention to reduce asthma-related illness in Trent Park.
Encourage nursing students and community health nursing faculty from the local university and college programs to participate.
Lobby state legislatures, municipal officials, local medical associations, local hospitals, and city clinics regarding the project.
Form broader coalitions with Knoxville churches, the local nurse’s association, several preschool and day care centers, and the Knoxville School Board to design a comprehensive, nonduplicative, cost-effective asthma screening program.
Train action team members on how to conduct Healthy Home assessments.
Contact state environmental groups for advice on local efforts, and join in their fight for stricter regulation of air pollutants and toxic wastes.
Contact local media (e.g., television, radio, and newspaper) about running a series of stories about Knoxville air pollutants and related asthma risks; supply information and contacts for interviews and photographs.
Evaluation
Individual
Evaluate the child’s and mother’s understanding of asthma treatments at follow-up home visits.
Facilitate the evaluation of ongoing interventions.
Track the number of asthma screening tests that Trent Park children receive and their rates of asthma to determine the effectiveness of their efforts in these areas.
Keep close contact with the school nurses, and organize an after-school educational and screening program at schools that are understaffed.
Ask school nurses to report on the educational sessions’ success.
Family
Document participation levels at educational programs and family training sessions.
Document ongoing participation in referrals and support groups.
Community
The action team was able to get funding to provide Healthy Home assessments and asthma screening to at-risk youth in Trent Park.
Levels of Prevention
Primary Prevention
Educating the community regarding air pollution and its relationship to asthma
Secondary Prevention
Screening at-risk populations for asthma
Tertiary Prevention
Follow-up treatment for people with asthma and reduction of air pollutants in the community environment
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. 50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). 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