Order ID | 8708526140 |
Subject | Management |
Topic | Management Online Term Paper Project Assignment |
Type |
Online Test |
Writer level | High School |
Style | APA |
Sources / references | |
Language | English(U.S.) |
Description / paper instructions
I hope you are growing more and more accustomed to STASTICS – the big scary word for some people, but not us, because we are going to use it to make our argument more compelling and persuasive – as we examined the process of determining the appropriate statistical analyses for your research. In our quest for the KNOWLEDGE, we learned how to collect secondary data (to see what other people did and to get a hunch for forming hypotheses) and to properly cite them and organize references (zotero.org and plagiarism training). After forming our hunch (hypothesis) we are ready to test it with data (using inferential statistics and using portals such as Qualtrics) but we can’t do it without proper planning. Planning for data collection is much like any other planning. You have to think about the end results (Implementation of the results of the data analysis from the collected data). To make our findings statistically significant (i.e., powerful and convincing), we must make sure to utilize the correct analysis/techniques, and to make sure that the assumptions of those analyses are met. Levels of Measurement (Scale of how you collect the data) come into play here. There are four different types of measurement scales (Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio) and depending on the type, the kind of statistical analyses you can employ varies. In many cases, Interval Scales and Ratio Scales are widely used, as both of them enable popular analyses such as Regression Analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Choosing the right analysis goes through the flowchart we reviewed (in Files area of this course, Data Analysis Flowchart.png View in a new window Data Analysis Flow Chart.ppt Preview the document View in a new window) that the type of measurement scales of the variables and number and nature/type of the variables determine the appropriate statistical analyses to be used. We discussed basic facts about Regression Analysis – drawing a parallel with building a model to predict the dependent variable. We are interested in seeing whether the coefficients of the predictor variables (independent variables) are going to be statistically significant. The number one question that we will try to answer throughout the remainder of my portion is: Principles of statistics haven’t changed for a long time; technology has made it more and more capable and efficient. So – why do findings for certain models keep changing over time? For example, why is red wine good yesterday and then suddenly bad for you today? Why should children be weaned fast some years ago, but now should be breastfed until 2 years of age? [think about this question as we go through next week] Lastly, we spoke about how we approach causality. If we want to be sure that X causes Y, we need to be able to rule out (or eliminate) alternative explanations (or confounds). There could be a Z (the evil mastermind and X was just a minion), the real cause for Y. Finding the real cause is important because it will help us in terms of validity and reliability, for sure! For Thursday this week (June 16th), you will be taking an on-line quiz on Canvas (which will open at 9:45am and close at 12:15pm), consisting of 25 multiple choice questions and fill in the blank questions. You will have one chance of taking the quiz but you will be able to see all 25 questions at once. The questions are from: note : question just 13??? not 25 maybe !! announcements (summaries of lectures incl slides I explained in Statistics Background.pptPreview the documentView in a new window) – 18 questions plagiarism training – 2 questions human subjects training, especially about the Belmont Report, here is a helpful ppt 2009_05_Belmont.pdfPreview the documentView in a new window- 3 questions CASP’s 10 criteria casp_rubric_final.docPreview the documentView in a new window-2 questions Good luck and have a great weekend! The assignment for this weekend is to write up to 10 questions for the questionnaire (practicing the operationalization of constructs) as a group. No individual assignments this weekend. If you have any questions or concerns, feel free to discuss with me. See you in class next Tuesday. WEEK 1 : Dear students, It was my pleasure to have met you all today. Thank you for your wonderful comments and thoughts in our discussion of Knowledge, Knowledge Management, and Research. The notable points of our discussion today were:
In one of the online quizzes these concepts will be tested, so be prepared to have understood them! If in doubt, do ask away. I will see you on May 31. For next week May 24 and 26, make sure you read the book for the Module 1 – Peter Drucker’s Managing the Next Society. If you need to get in touch with me I am in MAN209 (my office is under construction due to the ceiling collapse and flooding from the past weekend, but that’s my office). Email is the best way: nwingate@bridgeport.edu The below are the videos from Youtube we watched together in class. What is research? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yt6XXDF7xaQ (Links to an external site.) Loading media… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-saL_vpSSf4 (Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.) Dear students, It was my pleasure to have met you all today. Thank you for your wonderful comments and thoughts in our discussion of Knowledge, Knowledge Management, and Research. The notable points of our discussion today were:
In one of the online quizzes these concepts will be tested, so be prepared to have understood them! If in doubt, do ask away. I will see you on May 31. For next week May 24 and 26, make sure you read the book for the Module 1 – Peter Drucker’s Managing the Next Society. If you need to get in touch with me I am in MAN209 (my office is under construction due to the ceiling collapse and flooding from the past weekend, but that’s my office). Email is the best way: nwingate@bridgeport.edu The below are the videos from Youtube we watched together in class. What is research? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yt6XXDF7xaQ (Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-saL_vpSSf4 (Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.) WEEEK 2: * the paper assigned by Dr. McAdams from this past Thursday is DUE by Thursday June 9th. Printouts must be brought to the class in person. APA styled formatting of references is required and the use of Zotero is encouraged (we will learn how to do this on Thursday this week). Today on May 31, 2016, we spoke about STATISTICS. Main points of the discussion were: 1) People are afraid of statistics, and numbers in general. I spoke of how an Ivy League economist was accused of being a terrorist on a plane, just because he was doing math. (You can read more about it here https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/rampage/wp/2016/05/07/ivy-league-economist-interrogated-for-doing-math-on-american-airlines-flight/ (Links to an external site.), the journalist concludes the article by stating “…in America today, the only thing more terrifying than foreigners is…math.“) Yet at the same time, numbers empower arguments by making it appear more authoritative and persuasive. Statistics give the power of validity and reliability to your use of data. That’s why we need to have statistical knowledge under your belt in knowledge management. 2) statistics is all about collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. You NEED statistics to conduct any empirical studies with inductive reasoning. There are a couple of ways you can extract knowledge from raw data: one is to summarize and see some sort of patterns, the other is to draw inferences from the data. These are the two types of statistics you have learned in the past (whether you liked it or not): descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. We reviewed some terminologies from each area – central tendency measures, variances, some Greek letters we vaguely remembered, distributions, alphas and betas, confidence and power of the statistical tests, phrases like “reject the null hypothesis” “statistical significance” and “at random” “by chance” etc. etc. Although we did not have the internet available in our classroom MAN210 today, the powerpoint I used today is found here under Course Files area: Statistics Background.ppt The material from this powerpoint, the two summaries (in announcement area) of May 31 and May 19 are the material for the online quizzes in a couple of weeks (quizzes will be available on June 16 and due June 23). 3) We started working as a group. Two team leaders with prior exposure to SAS have selected team members. You will see that you are assigned to the groups in Courses & Groups tab. Please contribute to the group discussion (found here Suggest topics of study for your group!) of selecting a group topic, a research question, and at least one hypothesis that will potentially help solve the research question. Keep in mind that we will have to collect primary data that will produce at least 10 columns of variables and 100 rows of datapoints. FOR JUNE 2 (Thursday this week) we will meet in MAN303 the computer lab. We will discuss how to search for secondary data (library databases) and how to cite the collected information (zotero). If you want to get a head start by downloading or creating a Zotero account (www.zotero.org (Links to an external site.)), it will be most helpful! Week 3: We talked about how difficult it is to FIND the HUNCH (hypothesis) to solve a problem. Each team (Team Super and Team Knowledge Workers) has decided on a topic (College major choice and Sugar preference) and embarked on the journey of QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE. 1) finding secondary data — knowing how to determine the quality of collected data/findings of other people’s research is the key here. Rather than simply ‘googling’ for the answers, we want to use more sophisticated, more specialized sources of data (databases at our library, for example). There are many criteria to evaluate the quality of the found research. (relevance — determined by how closely the research findings fit the situation you are facing) One set of criteria to use to evaluate the research is: CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme – found at http://www.casp-uk.net/#!appraising-the-evidence/c23r5 (Links to an external site.)) With their permission granted to our own Dr. Lohle, we can use the rubric to assess the value of the collected secondary data. The rubric has 10 criteria.casp_rubric_final.doc Take a look at the ten. They regard the three broad questions the CASP site speaks of: “Is the study valid?” “are the results valid?” “are the results useful”
Make sure you go through the basic tutorials so that you really know and understand how to write good research papers.
SO—–by next Tuesday June 7, you should: 1) have at least one hypothesis you would like to test empirically (as a group) 2) go through the tutorial and take the certification test for anti-plagiarism (https://www.indiana.edu/~academy/firstPrinciples/certificationTests/index.html (Links) bring the printed certificate. This is to be done individually. 3) create an account on zotero.org, create the group library where every member is an administrator, and as a group contribute to the group library by adding the found secondary research items from today. This is so that you can: write the first draft of background/introduction portion of a research paper addressing how your group has decided on the chosen hypothesis, citing the references correctly using Zotero (by Thursday next week) week 4: What we mean by learning or acquiring knowledge: We need to understand the RULE and commit it to memory “correctly/accurately (validity)” and apply it correctly every time we deem it necessary to use it (reliability) to produce the correct answers we need. We viewed tutorials on Zotero and did hands-on exercises and solved problems that came up in real time. (we learned that we had to: use firefox browser, download and install firefox plugin from the zotero homepage, enable the plugin, press the Z icon on the right hand side of the address bar, then in the bottom portion that opens up choose the wheel icon to set the preference with your own username and password, then sync by clicking the circular arrow on the right hand side top of the bottom portion. Only then you will see in the left-hand window your group library (only if your group leader has enabled you as an Admin in the member management setting of the group library… I know… ARGH! With every piece of technology, you need to learn how to use it first…). For Thursday: you need to upload the researched files (ris files) into the group library, in the correct format. Group leaders, invite me to the group library. When I go in the group library on Thursday, I expect to see at least 14-16 references in the library. (2 per person) Next, thanks to my guest lecturer Shaylor, we viewed and discussed the dissemination of knowledge. The two key aspects of ‘popular’ content (aka knowledge) on Youtube are Informational/Educational and Entertaining (whether as an escapist or to seek for aesthetics). We saw how fast some Youtuber’s content is distributed (a content uploaded 17 minutes ago already had 350,000 views), and the scale of following/subscribers we are speaking of (pewdiepie has 45 million subscribers, and ldshadowlady has 2 million subscribers). We all recognized that we are not in those numbers, but we need to know what the rest of the world is paying attention to! The purpose of sharing the knowledge you created is either for FAME or FORTUNE (or both, usually). For all of you taking a business class in the MBA program, you might want to think about how you will SHARE/DISSEMINATE your contribution to the world of knowledge. Lastly, Shaylor brought a couple of brain teasers for us to try to solve and to ultimately realize: 1) to solve a problem, it is important to ask good questions 2) a lot of the good questions defy conventional assumptions 3) good questions can place you in the right track to get the solutions you need — Let’s keep our brains working! Homework assignment for Thursday this week: 1) Go get the certificate from the plagiarism training! 2) Have the group library in Zotero set to go, so that we can re-visit the hypotheses (details in the above passage) 3) Create a free account on www.qualtrics.com (Links to an external site.) and browse the website for what it can do for us. 4) the paper for Dr. McAdams is DUE – hard copies only. Print it out and bring to class. If you cannot utilize Zotero yet, then do make sure you cite the references according to the APA style as he requested (and check with syllabus for other requirements) and DO NOT PLAGIARIZE! Great work today. Particularly good work to Castle for solving the problem in Zotero very quickly, Ashwin for asking the right question for the brain teaser Shaylor brought for the class, and the rest of the class for being very engaged the whole time! Thanks in particular to all of you who engaged in the discussion with Shaylor – knowledge can come from people of all ages! Week 5: Human Subjects Research training is required by the IRB at the time of application. UB now subscribes to the on-line training provided by the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) human subjects online training program. The CITI site can be accessed at http://www.citiprogram.org/ (Links to an external site.). Create a new registration, and select “University of Bridgeport” as your organization. The training is valid for a three-year period, after which a refresher CITI course or additional training must be completed. NOTE: Your IRB application will NOT be considered complete without valid training on record. Human Subjects Research Training Renewal After your three-year valid training has lapsed, you must take a refresher CITI course, also available at http://www.citiprogram.org/ (Links to an external site.). Week 6: During the secondary data search, we may find that no one did the same quest, but we might get some ‘hunches’ on what our solutions can be, thanks to other researchers. At this point, we may embark on conducting primary data research — to collect own data and test our hypotheses. This is where we are. Each group discussed the hypothesis we will investigate and divided labor to write the introduction and hypothesis development portion of the research paper, noting to cite references correctly. I recommended qualtrics.com for two reasons – skip or display logic and randomization. I shared with you that randomization takes care of the diverse individual differences in a sample population. We briefly spoke of the magic number 30 – where the sample distribution starts to follow normal distribution, so that we can use the inferential statistics. Unfortunately, Qualtrics has decided to exclude the functionality of downloading the data file in csv format for free accounts. For this reason, we may minimize the data collection portion so that the amount of manual keying of the data is not insurmountable. And, we may simplify SAS portion — instead of using our own data, we might practice using sample data. My apologies — perhaps UB will get a license soon! I showed you how to write surveys/questionnaires on Qualtrics using skip/display logic. That said, if we collect ANY data from human subjects, we need to complete appropriate IRB (Institutional Review Board) training on Human Subjects. This could be a tedious task, but I asked each of you to do this individually over the weekend (due date June 14), There can be many ethical issues involving extracting of data from humans, and human rights should not be violated in the name of research. For each group, I asked you to work on selecting at least one viable hypothesis with the independent and dependent variables to test with data. I explained terms CONSTRUCTS and OPERATIONALIZATION. Constructs being an abstract concept, we need to operationalize them in order to be able to measure them (using operationalization). For example, happiness is an abstract construct that can be measured in many different ways depending on who you ask, such as how long you live, emotional intensity, how much money you made, how many friends you have, etc. etc. On Tuesday June 14th, we will check on the status of the introduction and hypothesis development of the group paper. Then, we will discuss measurement levels and anticipated data analyses. Related issues on questionnaire writing will be discussed as well, and hopefully we will get started with introduction to SAS. Week 7: In our quest for the KNOWLEDGE, we learned how to collect secondary data (to see what other people did and to get a hunch for forming hypotheses) and to properly cite them and organize references (zotero.org and plagiarism training). After forming our hunch (hypothesis) we are ready to test it with data (using inferential statistics and using portals such as Qualtrics) but we can’t do it without proper planning. Planning for data collection is much like any other planning. You have to think about the end results (Implementation of the results of the data analysis from the collected data). To make our findings statistically significant (i.e., powerful and convincing), we must make sure to utilize the correct analysis/techniques, and to make sure that the assumptions of those analyses are met. Levels of Measurement (Scale of how you collect the data) come into play here. There are four different types of measurement scales (Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio) and depending on the type, the kind of statistical analyses you can employ varies. In many cases, Interval Scales and Ratio Scales are widely used, as both of them enable popular analyses such as Regression Analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Choosing the right analysis goes through the flowchart we reviewed (in Files area of this course, Data Analysis Flowchart.pngData Analysis Flow Chart.ppt) that the type of measurement scales of the variables and number and nature/type of the variables determine the appropriate statistical analyses to be used. We discussed basic facts about Regression Analysis – drawing a parallel with building a model to predict the dependent variable. We are interested in seeing whether the coefficients of the predictor variables (independent variables) are going to be statistically significant. The number one question that we will try to answer throughout the remainder of my portion is: Principles of statistics haven’t changed for a long time; technology has made it more and more capable and efficient. So – why do findings for certain models keep changing over time? For example, why is red wine good yesterday and then suddenly bad for you today? Why should children be weaned fast some years ago, but now should be breastfed until 2 years of age? [think about this question as we go through next week] Lastly, we spoke about how we approach causality. If we want to be sure that X causes Y, we need to be able to rule out (or eliminate) alternative explanations (or confounds). There could be a Z (the evil mastermind and X was just a minion), the real cause for Y. Finding the real cause is important because it will help us in terms of validity and reliability, for sure! Final Exam For Thursday this week (June 16th), you will be taking an on-line quiz on Canvas (which will open at 9:45am and close at 12:15pm), consisting of 25 multiple choice questions and fill in the blank questions. You will have one chance of taking the quiz but you will be able to see all 25 questions at once. The questions are from: announcements (summaries of lectures incl slides I explained in Statistics Background.ppt) – 18 questions plagiarism training – 2 questions human subjects training, especially about the Belmont Report, here is a helpful ppt 2009_05_Belmont.pdf– 3 questions CASP’s 10 criteria casp_rubric_final.doc-2 questions Good luck and have a great weekend! The assignment for this weekend is to write up to 10 questions for the questionnaire (practicing the operationalization of constructs) as a group. No individual assignments this weekend. If you have any questions or concerns, feel free to discuss with me. See you in class next Tuesday. |
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Attachment | ITKM.docx |
Spacing | Double |
Pages | 2 |