The role of oral cholera vaccines in controlling outbreaks
Order ID |
53563633773 |
Type |
Essay |
Writer Level |
Masters |
Style |
APA |
Sources/References |
4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order |
5-10 Pages |
Description/Paper Instructions
The role of oral cholera vaccines in controlling outbreaks
Oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) have been shown to be an effective tool in controlling outbreaks of cholera, a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. OCVs work by inducing an immune response in the individual, providing protection against cholera infection.
When used in combination with other control measures, such as improved water and sanitation, OCVs can significantly reduce the number of cholera cases and deaths during an outbreak. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of OCVs in conjunction with other cholera control measures, particularly in areas where the disease is endemic or where outbreaks are likely to occur.
One of the most notable successes of OCVs was during a cholera outbreak in Haiti in 2010. In the aftermath of the earthquake that struck the country, a massive cholera outbreak occurred, causing over 800,000 cases and over 9,000 deaths. The WHO and other organizations quickly responded by administering OCVs to high-risk populations and implementing other cholera control measures. As a result, the number of cholera cases dropped significantly, and the outbreak was brought under control.
Another example of the success of OCVs was in Bangladesh, where a cholera outbreak occurred in 1992. In response, the government and international organizations quickly implemented a campaign to provide OCVs to high-risk populations. As a result, the number of cholera cases dropped by more than 90%, demonstrating the effectiveness of OCVs in controlling outbreaks.
There are currently two types of OCVs available: Dukoral and Shanchol. Dukoral is a killed whole-cell vaccine that is given in two doses and provides protection for up to two years. Shanchol is a killed, inactivated whole-cell vaccine that is given in two doses and provides protection for up to three years. Both of these vaccines have been shown to be effective in controlling cholera outbreaks.
Despite the effectiveness of OCVs in controlling cholera outbreaks, there are some limitations to their use. OCVs are not always readily available in areas where they are needed, and they can be expensive, which can limit their use in low-income countries. Additionally, OCVs do not provide complete protection against cholera, and they do not protect against other diarrheal diseases.
In conclusion, oral cholera vaccines have been shown to be an effective tool in controlling outbreaks of cholera. When used in combination with other control measures, such as improved water and sanitation, OCVs can significantly reduce the number of cholera cases and deaths during an outbreak. However, their use can be limited by availability and cost in low-income countries, and they do not provide complete protection.
In addition to that, WHO recommends the usage of OCVs in outbreak prone areas and areas with high endemicity of cholera, it also calls for the integration of oral cholera vaccination with other health services, and to consider the use of OCVs in comprehensive cholera control programs.
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE |
NO RESPONSE |
POOR / UNSATISFACTORY |
SATISFACTORY |
GOOD |
EXCELLENT |
Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. |
30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. |
40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. |
50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. |
Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). |
Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. |
5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. |
10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. |
15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. |
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. |
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors |
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors |
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. |
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. |
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. |
5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper |
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. |
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. |
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