The Global Context and Internalization
Order ID |
53563633773 |
Type |
Essay |
Writer Level |
Masters |
Style |
APA |
Sources/References |
4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order |
5-10 Pages |
Description/Paper Instructions
The Global Context and Internalization
For Levatich and Harley-Davidson, the end of U.S. participation in the TPP negotiations was bad news. The TPP could have saved Harley-Davidson millions of dollars by reducing, if not eliminating, high tariff barriers in Malaysia, for example. According to the International Trade Centre, import tariffs on Harley-Davidson motorcycles were also high in Thailand, and they were 100 percent (that is, they doubled the price) in India,14 where Harley-Davidson had built plants first in Gurgaon, in 2009,15 and then in Bawal,16 in an effort to avoid this type of prohibitive tax. The former chair of the asset management division of Goldman Sachs Group Inc., Jim O’Neill, had coined the term BRIC to describe the economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Harley-Davidson’s major step into these promising and fast-growing emerging BRIC markets had been aimed at offsetting lackluster U.S. sales following the 2008 global financial crisis. In fact, the company’s internationalization plans included several strategic options ranging from direct exports to foreign direct investments such as building plants overseas or taking at least a 10 percent capital stake in a foreign partner.
Almost a century earlier, Harley-Davidson had been the largest motorcycle maker in the world, distributing motorcycles in 67 countries through 2,000 dealers. However, the majority of its sales were on U.S. soil, and Harley-Davidson’s prosperity was dependent on the U.S. economy and its loyal customer base. During and after World War II, world markets became increasingly interconnected. To support this important evolution of the global economy, agreements were formed, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, signed by 23 nations in 1947; and the World Trade Organization was created in 1995 and grew to include 164 member states in 2017.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Harley-Davidson suffered greatly because of both poor product quality and international competition from Europe and Japan. Product quality became an issue especially after 1969, when the company’s motorcycles division was purchased by American Machine and Foundry Inc., a popular sports equipment manufacturer. The situation improved only after the Reagan administration imposed a 45 percent tariff on imported motorcycles with engines of at least 700 cubic centimeters (cc)—a tariff that was in effect for four years, between 1983 and 1987. In the 1990s, Harley-Davidson emerged from its dark period as a strong innovator and a globally competitive U.S. motorcycle manufacturer. Its innovations included fuel injection and drive belts (instead of greasy chains) featured on all models, and a V-Rod engine that was designed in collaboration with Porsche and featured liquid cooling. These innovations drove sales and earnings into high gear; the main focus of the management team was to increase production every year. Until 2001, with a booming U.S. economy and stock market, Harley-Davidson was still primarily focused on the U.S. market. However, managers had become complacent and over-reliant on their domestic market. Their wake-up call came when the 2007 U.S. market decline was followed by the 2008 global financial crisis.
In 2011, Harley-Davidson motorcycles were made in the United States, assembled in India and Manaus, Brazil (since 1999), and distributed in 86 countries through 1,400 dealers, most of whom were located outside of the United States and away from the old riders—the so-called real bikers. During the period from 2011 to 2015, exchange-rate trends made it easier for European companies to compete based on cheaper prices as they entered the U.S. market. The value of the euro decreased by more than 30 percent during this period as the U.S. dollar strengthened, rising from $1.48 per euro on April 25, 2011, to $1.05, on March 9, 2015.17 This trend persisted, with an exchange rate of approximately $1.15 per euro in 2017. Additional challenges and headwinds were surfacing, and needed to be addressed by Harley-Davidson’s leader.
The Global Context and Internalization
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE |
NO RESPONSE |
POOR / UNSATISFACTORY |
SATISFACTORY |
GOOD |
EXCELLENT |
Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. |
30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. |
40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. |
50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. |
Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). |
Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. |
5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. |
10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. |
15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. |
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. |
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors |
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors |
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. |
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. |
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. |
5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper |
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. |
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. |
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