Techniques for Data Collection Research Design
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Techniques for Data Collection Research Design
The quality and reliability of your research depends on many different factors.
Have you determined your target audience? Do you plan to survey a sample or an entire population? Have you decided on research methods and techniques youre going to use? What is the end goal of your research and how do you plan to analyze the results?Or we could summarize all those questions in one have decided on the right research design for your study?
Before we share more about different research design types you can choose from, lets just briefly explain the concept of research design.
Table of Contents
· What does research design mean?
· 5 most common research design types
· Quantitative vs. qualitative research design
· Fixed vs. flexible research design
· Research design types by grouping
· Conclusion
What does research design mean?
At the beginning of every meaningful research, a researcher chooses a framework of methods and techniques to be used and applied in the research process. This framework is usually referred to as the research design.It allows the researchers to decide on the research methodology that is suitable for the topic of their study and to properly set up their research. Research design also supports the specific type of research (experiment, survey, review, case study, correlation, and so on) that needs to be done.
Key elements of research design
As all research design types have certain common characteristics, here are the top elements every good design should have or at least touch upon.
· Purpose statement
· Techniques for data collection
· Methods for research analysis
· Type of research methodology
· Probable objections to conducting research
· Research study settings
· Timeline
· Analysis measurement
Of course, the exact elements depend on the type of research design you opt for. So, heres a preview of the most common research design types.
Essential characteristics of good research design
Any type of research design is valid only if its results are reliable. Nevertheless, a lot of companies nowadays make vital decisions based on unreliable research. In many cases, this is because they fail to account for various types of bias in research.
To get accurate data from your research, you need to do everything in your power to protect your research results against bias and achieve utmost neutrality.
Also, the outcome of your research should be applicable to an entire population and not just a limited sample. To ensure thats the case, make sure you got your sampling right and take into account the potential margin of error just to be on the safe side.
5 most common research design types
There are numerous ways to classify research design. Based on the purpose and method, we could distinguish among 5 research design types:
1. Descriptive research design
This is a theory-based design, where the researcher is primarily interested in describing the topic that is the subject of the research. It is applied to case studies, naturalistic observations, surveys, and so on.
This method includes data collection, analysis, and presentation. It lets the researcher clearly present the problem statement in order to allow others to better understand the need for this kind of research. Without a clear problem statement, youre not doing descriptive but exploratory research.
2. Correlational research design
Just as its name suggests, correlational design allows the researcher to establish some kind of a relation between two closely related topics or variables. Its a non-experimental research design type that requires at least two groups of data.
It can be applied to case-control studies and observational studies, for example.3. Experimental research design
Whether it is a field experiment, a controlled experiment, or a quasi-experiment, this is one of the research design types that establishes a relation between the cause and effect of a particular happening.
Here, the researcher observes the influence of an independent variable on the dependent one. For instance, you can observe the impact of the price (an independent variable) on customer satisfaction (a dependent variable).
Usually, this type of research design contributes to solving a particular problem by manipulating the independent variables to observe the change they have on the dependent one. For example, you can experiment with changing the price and observe the effect it has on customer satisfaction.
4. Diagnostic research design
Diagnostic research is one of the research design types that aims to examine the underlying cause of a certain situation or phenomenon. It can help you find out more about the factors that lead to specific issues or challenges your customers might be facing.
This design usually consists of three research phases (1) problem inception, (2) problem diagnosis, and (3) problem solution.
5. Explanatory research design
Again, the name is self-explanatory. Explanatory research design is used to further expand, explore, and explain the researchers ideas and theories. This type of research design is used to elaborate on the unexplored aspects of a particular topic and try to explain the missing pieces.
Quantitative vs. qualitative research design
Quantitative research design
Quantitative research aims to give answers to questions like who, what, when, where, and how many?
Due to the fact that they use close-ended questions, the results of quantitative surveys can easily be transformed into numbers, stats, graphs, and charts. This is why businesses often use quantitative surveys to learn about their customers and drive their decisions using the data obtained.
For example, you can use a quantitative survey such as NPS survey* to easily measure your customer satisfaction on a scale of 1-10.
*This survey template (+77 other templates) is available for free to all the Lead Quizzes users.
Qualitative research design
Qualitative research, on the other hand, aims to give answers to why and how something is happening.
Qualitative research most commonly revolves around open-ended survey questions and highly descriptive answers that are hard to quantify and express through numbers. Its a great way to collect more complex information and explore peoples thoughts and behavior.
Its often used to find ideas, formulate predictions, and explain the numbers.
If youre looking to learn more about these two types of design, we have prepared a guide to help decide whether you should collect quantitative or qualitative data for your business research.
Fixed vs. flexible research design
Another distinction can be made between fixed and flexible research design. Often, these two research design types coincide with quantitative (fixed design) and qualitative (flexible design) data collection.
With a fixed research design, the design of the research is pre-determined and known even before you start collecting data. Flexible designs, on the other hand, allow for more freedom when collecting data for example, you dont offer predetermined answer options, so the respondents have to type in their own answers.
Research design types by grouping
Yet another classification of research design types can be made based on the way participants are grouped. In most cases, grouping depends on the research hypothesis and the way participants are being sampled.
For example, In a typical study based on experimental research design, theres usually at least one experimental and one control group. In medical studies, lets say, one group could be receiving treatment, while the other would be given no treatment. You get the idea.
Based on participant grouping, we can distinguish among 4 types of research design:
Cohort study
A cohort study is a type of longitudinal research that samples a cohort (a group of people with a shared characteristic) while doing a cross-section at specific time intervals. It is a type of panel study where the individuals in the panel share a common characteristic.
Cross-sectional study
A cross-sectional study is common in social science, medical research, and biology. This type of research design analyzes data either from a population, or from a representative sample, at a specified point in time.
Longitudinal study
A longitudinal study is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables over short or long periods of time. It is often a type of observational study, although they can also be structured as longitudinal randomized experiments.
Cross-sequential study
Cross-sequential research design combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research design, aiming to compensate for some of the issues inherently present in the two aforementioned designs
Respond to colleagues from the perspective of an interested stakeholder for the program by doing the following:
· Provide a brief description of the role that you are taking.
· Provide an evaluation of the group research design that they have chosen, and criteria that your colleagues have generated (choice of outcome and method of evaluation) from the perspective of the stakeholder whom you have chosen.
· Provide support based on your evaluation
· Ask questions about the plan for research design and the questions that the evaluation plan will address from your chosen perspective.
Must contain at least 1 reference and citation. Can use the colleagues sources
Colleague #1: Cincinnati Chili
RE: Discussion – Week 10
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
In Plummer et al, (2014) the social worker is called to implement and evaluate a new training program for foster parents. The social worker will have some foster parents begin the training program immediately, while others will begin a year from now (Plummer et al., 2014). Other foster parents will utilize the existing parent training program (Plummer et al., 2014). To collect data on the programs, I would use a pretest-posttest design with a comparison group (Dudley, 2020). I would use this design to measure outcome differences from those who receive the existing program and those who receive the new program.
Criteria to be measured should be collected before and after the intervention or training program takes place (Dudley, 2020). Plummer et al. (2014) notes they are interested in reducing foster displacements, improving service quality, and improving parent skills and child wellbeing. I would measure all of this criteria by administering questionnaires on knowledge in parenting and foster care and tracking foster displacements. For example, for both the comparison and control groups, I would administer a foster care and parenting knowledge questionnaire at baseline and follow-up. Then, I would compare results to determine how knowledge improved for both the comparison and control group. The questionnaire would be administered online or by mail anonymously to alleviate any concerns regarding confidentiality and knowledge gaps (Dudley, 2020). The data would be collected online or by mail and analyzed by the social workers leading the program with supervisory support.
ReferencesDudley, J. R. (2020). Social work evaluation: Enhancing what we do (3rd ed.) Oxford University Press.
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen S. (Eds.). (2014b). Social work case studies: Concentration year. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader].
Bottom of Form
Colleague #2: Bison
RE: Discussion – Week 10
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
Group Research Design & Data Collection Method
The group design method that I would choose for the foster family training program is a longitudinal pretest-posttest design with a comparison group. The longitudinal design is ideal because information will be collected at two or more different times. We will collect information one year into the training program being implemented at the first 3 sites, and then we will collect information again at the two-year mark once all 7 sites have implemented the program. A longitudinal design is also ideal because this design type is more likely to produce evidence how the intervention is impacting group members (Dudley, 2020). Using the comparison group (the 4 sites who will not receive the updated training until 12 months into the study) is helpful so that impacts of the old training and new training can be compared. Data will be obtained through surveys that include 5-point Likert Scale questions, documentation review, observation, and interviews.
Outcome Measurement
One of the specific outcomes that will be measured is how the new foster care training program will reduce the disruptions within foster placements (Plummer, Makris, & Brocksen, 2014b). To measure this outcome, each site will track any kind of disruption to foster placement which should be documented by the social worker in client notes as well as tracked on a spreadsheet. The type of disruption should be indicated and tracked as well. Disruptions may be classified as maladaptive behaviors, emotional problems, educational problems, illness, or lack of resources for the parents (Vreeland et al., 2020). by the end of the year, we should have data that shows a pattern of which type of disruptions occur the most as well as the total number of disruptions of foster placement that occurred at each site. To gain a deeper insight to the disruptions, a random selection of foster parents will be interviewed. The interviews will be conducted by a third party agency to avoid bias.Dudley, J.R. (2020). Social work evaluation: Enhancing what we do (3rd ed.) Oxford University
Press.
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen, S. (Eds.). (2014b). Social work case studies:
Concentration year. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital
Source e-reader].
Vreeland, A., Ebert, J.S., Kuhn, T.M., Gracey, K.A., Shaffer, A.M., Watson, K.H., Gruhn, M.A.,
Henry, L., Dickey, L., Siciliano, R.E., Anderson, A., & Compas, B.E. (2020). Predictors of
placement disruptions in foster care. Child Abuse & Neglect, 99.
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