Splinter Groups
Order ID |
53563633773 |
Type |
Essay |
Writer Level |
Masters |
Style |
APA |
Sources/References |
4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order |
5-10 Pages |
Description/Paper Instructions
Splinter Groups
Summary: Splinter groups, those associations of non state soldiers who refuse to follow their parent terrorist organizations and reform into units, take on unique characteristics of their own, which shape the battle space. These characteristics vary significantly but not without some general patterns that are important for analysis.
Here are a few tendencies of splinter groups:
- Splinter groups are formed often by rejection of (often vehemently) the peace process or negotiation tactics used by their own terrorist group leaders, which occur as natural opportunities of successful operations over the course of time. The IRA splinter groups discussed in the article below are glaring examples.
Western countries often court successful terrorist organizations by offering concessions and participation in the political process as a means to defang (demobilize, disarm, and reintegrate) non state soldiers. Certain members within these groups consider negotiations or participation with the status quo gov’t as betrayal of their cause and successes.
- Splinter groups are also formed in part or whole by leadership conflicts. Do not minimize this factor. Leadership conflicts among terrorist groups and non state soldiers are often so acute that no other reason is the main cause for splintering. The “Taliban” for instance are so rife with conflict, often bloody fighting, that analysts are amazed that their unity remains intact. Often these fights among the Taliban occur for no other reason than former Mujahedeen leaders fighting over past grievances, power, and control of resources in particular areas or among particular tribes.
- Splinter groups seek to maintain relevance in the aftermath of cataclysmic changes in political climate or defeat.
- Splinter groups seek to maintain low intensity conflict in order to maintain or control economic, political, and ideological areas.
- Splinter groups seek to maintain access and control (and cultivation) of their support base, the discontented and disfranchised.
- Splinter groups seek to increase or maintain capabilities for future activities and potential changes in the political climate.
- Splinter groups tend to criminalize in order to gain access to funds. Cut from their mother group, and thus access to larger funding, these splinter groups often rely on criminal activities such as the drug trade extortion, kidnapping, and human trafficking as a means to support their cause. A secondary effect is often their political commitments and aims are compromised as money becomes the main objective rather than political aims.
- Splinter groups become useful tools for terrorist and belligerent states, whose leadership gains can manipulate the cause, assets, and force for checking the activities of both state and non state actors. For instance, Saddam Hussein used the Abu Nidal organization, and provided sanctuary in return.
The following article on IRA Splinter groups is provided for more analysis.
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U.K., Terrorist Organizations
IRA Splinter Groups (U.K., separatists)
(Continuity Irish Republican Army, Real IRA, Irish National Liberation Army)
Updated: May 21, 2008
Introduction
Northern Ireland’s sectarian conflict, which raged most seriously from 1969 to 1998, pitted Protestant “unionists,” who want to maintain their link with London, against Roman Catholic “nationalists” or “republicans,” who want to reunite Northern Ireland with the independent Republic of Ireland. The provisional Irish Republican Army, a terrorist group, conducted a violent struggle against British rule for three decades until it sued for peace at the end of the 1990s. When its leadership adopted a policy of negotiating with British authorities, several splinter groups emerged, and they remain committed to removing British influence from Northern Ireland and sabotaging the peace process through violence. The most serious of them are the Real IRA and Continuity Irish Republican Army, both listed as active terrorist groups in the U.S. State Department’s 2007 Country Report. Neither group has mounted a large-scale attack since 1998, yet both continue to engage in smaller attacks, including shootings and firebombings, in an effort to derail the relative peace that has been in place since the Belfast Agreement was signed that year. A third group, the Irish National Liberation Army, dates to the Cold War and clings to a Marxist ideology that has left it largely irrelevant today.
Real IRA
The Real IRA (RIRA) was formed in 1997 by hard-liners who opposed the negotiations being pursued by the provisional IRA and its political wing, Sinn Fein. Real IRA hoped to derail the peace process and further the reunification movement by continuing terrorist activities. British authorities say the Real IRA is recruiting new members, increasing its intelligence gathering capabilities, and continuing its armed campaign against British presence in Northern Ireland. The U.S. State Department estimates that the Real IRA has about one hundred active members and may receive support from people who disapprove of the role that Sinn Fein—the political branch of the original IRA—plays in the peace process.
The last fatal attack carried out by the Real IRA was in August 2002, when a construction worker was killed at a British Army base in London. More recently, two policemen in Northern Ireland were wounded in two armed attacks claimed by the Real IRA in November 2007. The group is suspected of raising money among U.S. supporters disillusioned by the Belfast peace process and of trying to purchase guns from U.S. dealers, according to the State Department.
But the group’s primary notoriety stems from the August 1998 bombing in Omagh, a Northern Irish market town. The Real IRA set off a 500-pound car bomb that caused the greatest one-day loss of life in the decades-old conflict, killing twenty-nine people. The group claimed the deaths were the result of a botched warning that had been meant to allow authorities to clear the streets of Omagh, then in the final day of an annual street fair. The Omagh attack was so widely condemned, including by the provisional IRA and Sinn Fein, that the Real IRA subsequently declared a cease-fire. The group resumed terrorist operations early in 2000.
The Real IRA was founded by Michael (Mickey) McKevitt, an Irish republican who was in charge of the provisional IRA’s armory before he split over the IRA’s new peace policy. His common-law wife, Bernadette Sands McKevitt, is the sister of Bobby Sands, the famous IRA gunman and member of British Parliament who died in prison during a 1981 hunger strike. McKevitt was arrested in March 2001 by Irish authorities, convicted in August 2003, and is currently serving a twenty-year sentence in an Irish jail.
Continuity Irish Republican Army
The Continuity IRA (CIRA), which branched off from the IRA in 1994 as the “clandestine armed wing of Republican Sinn Fein,” considers itself to be a continuation of the original IRA campaign to remove British control from Northern Ireland, according to the State Department’s 2007 Country Report. Continuity IRA is thought to have about fifty members who receive aid from supporters in the United States.
Members of CIRA are responsible for attacks around Northern Ireland over the years. Since 1994, the Continuity IRA has conducted sporadic assassinations and bombings, mostly aimed at Protestant targets in Northern Ireland and around Belfast. CIRA released a list in 2006 identifying about twenty people who were to be targeted by violence. The State Department says that after the list was made public, several were the victims of shootings. Although no attacks were successful in 2007, three members were arrested after the discovery of a homemade bomb on a railway. It is thought that the people who would later establish the Continuity IRA carried out a notorious 1987 bombing in the Northern Ireland town of Enniskillen that killed eleven people.
Irish National Liberation Army
The least active of the splinter groups is the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA). Among other actions against Protestant terror groups, its gunmen shot dead Billy Wright, the notorious leader of a Protestant or “loyalist” terrorist group, while he was serving a sentence in Northern Ireland’s Maze prison in December 1997. These days, experts say the INLA is known as much or more for its participation in the drug trade and other criminal activities as it is for outright terrorism.
Weigh in on this issue by emailing CFR.org.
Splinter Groups
RUBRIC
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EXCELLENT |
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30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. |
40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. |
50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. |
Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). |
Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. |
5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. |
10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. |
15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. |
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. |
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors |
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors |
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. |
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. |
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) |
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5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper |
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. |
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. |
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