Order ID 53563633773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages To Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
Abstract
COVID-19 is a disease that was discovered in 2019, and WHO declared it as a world pandemic in the year 2020 January 30. The virus originated from China since it was the country that reported the first case in 2019, and the first case that was published outside China was in Thailand. The disease was discovered to be spread through saliva droplets or nostril fluid if an infected person coughs or sneezes and the symptoms of the infected person is headache, common cold, having breathing shortness, flue, fever, and diarrhea. International traveling was banned To stop the spread of disease, and people where to stay in Quarantine in their countries. People were advised to takes measures like wearing a face mask, sanitizing all the time, avoiding shaking hands, remain in their homes as they work from there, the governments banned the movement of people to reduce the rate of disease spread.
According to WHO, the number of infected people worldwide is around 200, 000, including the people affected in Brunei Darussalam. The disease is believed to have spread to 200 countries, but the total number of infected people increases every day, making it challenging to get the actual number of infected people. The outbreak of COVID-19 has led many countries to stop their economic activities from reducing the spread of the disease; this includes Brunei Darussalam, which has negatively affected the economy of every nation.
Research questions
What is COVID-19?
How is the spread of COVID-19 in Brunei Darussalam?
How has COVID-19 affected the economy of Brunei Darussalam?
How is the country controlling the spread of COVID-19 amongst citizens?
What might happen in the future economically?
Objectives of the study
To come up with other ways of reducing the spread of COVID-19
To create awareness to the society on the rate of a range of COVID-19
To know the number of Citizens who have been affected by COVID-19
Introduction
Brunei Darussalam is a tropical nation, located on the island of Borneo, on the south of the West Philippine Sea. It has a population of about 459,500 and an area of about 5,765 square kilometers. An exponential function will show an approximation of the shape of the curve. The rate of infection k will be computed (The Bruneian,2020). Since populations of different countries are finite, the exponential curve (which extends to infinity) will not accurately represent the entire data set of confirmed COVID -19 cases concerning time, and there is a significant interval. It is observable, through COVID-19 statistics recorded by the Ministry of Health of Brunei Darussalam, that the first safety precautions including but not limited to the imposition of travel restrictions on visitors coming from China. The implementation of temperature checks, social distancing, moving of school vacation, and strict contact tracing curbed the infection and prevented an outbreak (Sanderson, 2020). Brunei Darussalam has only had a total of 141 confirmed Coronavirus cases, and of those cases, 138 recovered, and three persons died of the infection (Ministry of Health of Brunei Darussalam, 2020). It is impressive when compared to China, who has had 84,385 cases as of August 2, 2020, 79,003 recorded recoveries, and 4634 recorded deaths, and the United States of America, which has 4.7 million cases of COVID-19, 2.3 million of which are tagged as recovered, and about 157,000 deaths (World Health Organization, 2020b). The available data does not resemble an exponential curve and is too small to draw meaningful conclusions from. The time in which new cases of COVID-19 were recorded in Brunei Darussalam is only from March 9, 2020, to May 7, 2020, 60 days (World Health Organization, 2020b).
The global pandemic caused by COVID-19 has adversely disrupted and shaped the events of the year 2020. Nearly every person’s daily routine and lifestyle have been altered to the extent that few have ever experienced. Since it is infectious and can be deadly, it has forced governments to take drastic measures to reduce the rate of infections in their countries. The global pandemic caused by COVID-19 has adversely disrupted and shaped the events of the year 2020. Nearly every single person’s daily routine and lifestyle has been altered to the extent that many people have become depressed because of lack of finances to take care of their essential needs. Industries have closed down, and as a result, many people have lost their jobs leading to a lack of finances. The school has been closed for a whole year to reduce the spread of the disease from one student to another, and as a result, students have wasted an entire year at home, so they will have to repeat the classes they were in the year 2019.
Since it is infectious and can be deadly, it has forced governments to take drastic measures to reduce the rate of infections in their countries. Safety measures have been put in place to reduce the spread of the disease. People have to wear facemasks anytime they are in the midst of other people and keep a face distance to avoid coming in contact with the virus if the other person is infected. Secondly, people have to sanitize their hands every time to kill the disease if they have come in contact with it somewhere along with their daily activities. People are advised to avoid touching walls or places that may risk their life by increasing the chances of getting the virus. The government has stopped any gatherings that may be attended by many people, including political meetings, churches, burials, weddings, and public offices where people may meet. Lockdowns were put in place within the countries, and people were not to travel from one place to another. International traveling was stopped entirely to avoid people who are infected from moving from one country to another to spread the disease.
In addition to all the government’s measures to prevent its citizens from getting the virus, every person should be responsible for avoiding getting infected. People should avoid visiting places that may be putting their life at risk and follow the measure to the letter to avoid getting infected by the virus.
Literature review
Many studies have confirmed that the pandemic has affected the economy of most countries. Most of the states have spent most of their time and money to take care of the infected people and alleviate the disease spread in the country. Countries have lost indigenous people, which has contributed to the decline of the countries’ economies and welfares. WHO has given funds to help people affected by COVID-19 pandemic, which is the leading amongst the diseases causing death in the world. Countries in the world are trying to eradicate the spread of the disease, and this includes Brunei Darussalam.
According to the research, COVID-19 has affected 2.7 million people globally, and over 200,000 people have died out of the virus. The research says that the virus has spread to 200 countries worldwide, and since each and every day the disease the coronavirus patients cases increases, there is no a specific number of the infected persons in the whole world. Originating in China, COVID-19 is the deadliest, most widespread pandemic of modern times. It is a respiratory illness caused by an infection from the virus called the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus 2, colloquially referred to as “coronavirus” (Rothan & Byrareddy, 2020)
Viruses are microscopic pathogens made up of genetic material inside a shell of lipid molecules (Lodish et al., 2000). These pathogens do not metabolize; they simply invade host cells, taking over the machinery of the cell and using it to reproduce (Lodish et al., 2000). They transfer from one person to another through contaminated droplets of moisture (World Health Organization, 2020a). Whenever a person who has COVID-19 coughs or sneezes, these droplets are scattered into the air and on nearby surfaces (World Health Organization, 2020a). When other people touch these surfaces and proceed to rub their eyes or nose or touch any part of their face, the infection is set anew (World Health Organization, 2020a). Once it enters the body, it primarily targets the lungs (Rothan & Byrareddy, 2020). Epithelial cells surround the lungs’ linings; the coronavirus infects these cells by connecting to a receptor present on the surfaces of the epithelial cells (Rothan & Byrareddy, 2020). Once inside, it hijacks the cell’s function, forcing it to produce replicas of the coronavirus. The epithelial cell is filled with more and more of the virus until it is forced to self-destruct, releasing more viruses to attack and infect the nearby cells (Rothan & Byrareddy, 2020).
At some point, the body’s immune system becomes aware of the coronavirus and heads towards the site of infection (Rothan & Byrareddy, 2020). However, the coronavirus can infect immune cells, disrupting the immune response (Rothan & Byrareddy, 2020). causes the immune system to overreact, sending more immune cells to the site of infection than Itwhat is necessary (Rothan & Byrareddy, 2020). Infected immune cells are unable to distinguish healthy cells from infected cells and simply signal many healthy cells to commit suicide (Rothan & Byrareddy, 2020). As more and more immune cells become infected, healthy lung cells continue to undergo signaled suicide, sometimes to the extent that lung tissue can be permanently damaged (Rothan & Byrareddy, 2020). It causes the formation of scar tissue and fibrosis (Rothan & Byrareddy, 2020).
Symptoms of COVID-19
Common symptoms of COVID-19 are dry cough, fever, and fatigue (World Health Organization, 2020a). Most of the time, the body can gain the upper hand against the viral infection. Hence, these patients only experience mild symptoms. However, in more severe cases, a bacterial infection occurs during COVID-19. The immune system will have been exhausted, combating the viral infection, leaving the body extremely vulnerable to other pathogens. It causes pneumonia and, possibly, death.
COVID-19 is infectious, warranting worldwide quarantines and travel restrictions. Some countries require every person in public places to wear a mask. Social distancing is enforced to slow down the rates of infection. Everyday life is adjusted to comply with the new guidelines during the pandemic; public transportation has reduced passenger capacity to make social distancing within the trains and buses more consistent, movie seats are deliberately left empty so that each person in the audience far enough from each other. Some offices allow a number of their employees to work from home in a collective effort to reduce the number of times people have to go out. Despite these measures, some countries are still struggling to handle the pandemic as of August 2020, COVID-19 has 17.5M confirmed cases and about 675,060 recorded deaths worldwide (World Health Organization, 2020b).
Brunei Darussalam
Brunei is a coastal country, located on the Northwest part of the island of Borneo, on the south of the West Philippine Sea. It consists of two unconnected regions that are surrounded by Sarawak, an insular Malaysian state. It has a population estimated to be around 459,000 in an area of about 5,765 square meters (Central Intelligence Agency, 2020).
Brunei’s transportation infrastructure allows it to be traversable through land, air, and sea. It connects to Labuan, Malaysia, through the Muara ferry terminal. Bruneians have high car ownership rates, estimated at one private vehicle for every two persons. The Brunei International Airport has also been upgraded, increasing its passenger capacity (De No, 2011). These are the possible points of entry of SARS-CoV-2.
Brunei experiences what is categorized as a tropical equatorial climate, typical of tropical rainforests (Central Intelligence Agency, 2020). The average temperature is relatively hotter, the air is humid, and the rainfall is ample during most of the year (Weather Atlas, n.d.).
Exponential Curves
Exponential curves will describe the phenomenon whose rate of change increases based on its current value. This function will illustrate data such as population sizes concerning the time. It can also accurately project how infectious diseases spread. The more people carry the disease, the faster it covers, assuming each infected person can infect a given number of healthy people.
Figure 1
An Exponential Curve
Note. This figure is the base exponential function. The rate of which the graph ramps up is already quite apparent even at low values of x, until infinity.
Exponential growth simply means that as each interval of time passes, the new value of f(x) is just the previous value multiplied by some constant. It is exemplified by how infectious diseases spread: the total number of confirmed cases with each new passing day tends to be a multiple of the previous number of existing circumstances. It is based on the assumption that each sick person comes in contact with and infects roughly the same amount of people. To illustrate this, the following equation can be used:
Ntoday = Nyesterday + E * p * Nyesterday
Where N is the number of confirmed cases, E is the average number of healthy people that come in contact with each infected person, and p is the probability that these healthy persons will get infected (0 < p < 1). We can factor out Nyesterday to show that the new values are indeed just the previous values multiplied by some bigger than 1:
Ntoday = Nyesterday * (1+ E * p )
Thus, moving forward, M number of days means multiplying the number of existing cases by (1 + E * p)M, which is where the exponent comes in. It is important to remember that at some point, the number of available healthy people to infect has already been reduced significantly, and the infection rates will slow down. It is inevitable since the world population is a finite number. To take this into account, we need to analyze which part of the equation is affected by the population limit. If E is the average number of uninfected persons that each sick person may be exposed to, we can include a factor to decrease E as the number of people already infected approach the population limit. One of the factors we can use is (1 – N/total population) (Sanderson, 2020). It gives us the following equation:
NM = ( 1 + E * p )M * N0
NM = [ 1 + E * p * ]M * N0
ND is the calculated number of confirmed cases after M days has passed, N0 is the number of initial cases, E is the mean number of healthy persons who are exposed to each infected person, p is the probability of getting infected, and Poptotal is the total population of the area to be studied, Brunei Darussalam.
This function produces what is called a Logistic Curve (Sanderson, 2020) and is a curve that is concave up at first then becomes concave right as the value approaches the maximum size (Sanderson, 2020).
Figure 2
Logistic Curve
Note. This image is made by Grant Sanderson (2020).
This study will only consider confirmed cases because keeping track of untested asymptomatic cases introduces too much uncertainty to make a coherent analysis. It is expected that without government measures to slow down the pandemic, this is how the function of confirmed infections will behave.
The point of inflection marks the boundary at which the function stops behaving like an exponential curve. After this point, the changes in the number of new daily infections is expected to decrease as the number of infected persons approaches the total population. It means there are fewer and fewer available healthy persons to infect. Exponential functions don’t exist in real life because nearly all variables represent finite values. This is why logistic curves represent the range during both the early stages of a pandemic outbreak where the data behaves very carefully to an exponential curve and the later stages that take into account the congestion should as the entire population in a given area becomes infected.
Methodology
A comprehensive data set will be collected, from the national news of Brunei Darussalam and other credible sources, containing the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases per day in the country. The method that will be used for data collection will be testing people through mass testing, and in case some people do not turn up for the testing, they are tested in their homestead as the data is being recorded according to the dates the tests were done. Mass testing is the preferred method of data collection since it will save the time where the researcher will move from one homestead to another. It is also cheap when we look at the transport that may be spent when the researcher is moving from one place to another to look for different people.
It will be represented in a graph, where the x-axis will reflect the dates on which each number of instances is recorded (concerning March 9, 2020, when its first case was confirmed and reported). The y-axis will reflect the total number of confirmed cases.
An exponential function will be to approximate the graph of the cases using this equation: y(M) = A*ekM, where k is the rate of growth.
- M = 0 will be represented by the date when Brunei Darussalam has had its first confirmed COVID-19 case. According to the Ministry of Health of Brunei Darussalam, the first case was recorded on March 9, 2020. From there, the number of confirmed cases each day will be recorded until August 2, 2020.
- The actual rate of infection is expected to vary within intervals, depending on government policies implemented, travel restrictions, and other similar factors that increase or decrease transmission rates within the country. Meaningful findings shown in the graph and the exponential function used in approximations shall be analyzed.
- When applicable, an approximation for each section of the curve will be used to compute for the fluctuating values of k, the rate of infection, which is equal to [ 1 + E * p * (1 – N/Poptotal) concerning the measures taken by the government and other concern health organizations. This study will check the period in which the number of infected cases is doubled.
- The computed values fork will be used to determine the efficacy of the measures set in place. If the data is insufficient to compute for meaningful values of k because the cases are too few, then the exponential model will not be used. It is inaccurate to represent the period in which the number of cases doubles if the numbers only small numbers are increasing. A linear function or a short, gradually flattening curve might be a more appropriate model to adapt in such a scenario.
- Speculations will be made about the behavior of the graph. The accuracy of the various models that were considered will be briefly discussed. The final statistics will be compared to that of the United States and China, primarily because the former is notorious for having inadequate government response to the pandemic. Meanwhile, the latter is where the virus originated, and the data available from China span more extended periods.
Results
Figure 3
COVID-19 Cases in Brunei Darussalam recorded in March 2020
Note. The table of confirmed cases in Brunei Darussalam for March 2020. On March 31, 2020, there are 129 confirmed cases, with 83 active claims, 45 recorded recoveries, and one recorded death.
Figure 4
COVID-19 Cases in Brunei Darussalam recorded in April 2020
Note. The table of confirmed cases in Brunei Darussalam for April 2020. As of April 30, 2020, there are 138 confirmed cases, with 13 active claims, 124 recorded recoveries, and one recorded death.
Figure 5
COVID-19 Cases in Brunei Darussalam recorded in May 2020
Note. The table of confirmed cases in Brunei Darussalam for May 2020. As of May 31, 2020, there are 141 confirmed cases, with one active example, 138 recorded recoveries and two recorded deaths.
Figure 6
COVID-19 Cases in Brunei Darussalam recorded in June 2020
Note. The table of confirmed cases in Brunei Darussalam for May 2020. As of May 31, 2020, there are 141 confirmed cases, with one active case, 138 recorded recoveries, and two recorded deaths.
Table 1
COVID-19 Cases in Brunei Darussalam Recorded Each Day
Date Total Confirmed COVID-19 Cases Total Number of Recorded Deaths Total Number of Recorded Recoveries Active Cases New Cases Per Day 9-Mar 1 0 0 1 0 10-Mar 1 0 0 1 0 11-Mar 11 0 0 11 10 12-Mar 25 0 0 25 14 13-Mar 37 0 0 37 12 14-Mar 40 0 0 40 3 15-Mar 50 0 0 50 10 16-Mar 54 0 0 54 4 17-Mar 56 0 0 56 2 18-Mar 68 0 0 68 12 19-Mar 73 0 0 73 5 20-Mar 78 0 1 77 5 21-Mar 83 0 2 81 5 22-Mar 88 0 2 86 5 23-Mar 91 0 2 89 3 24-Mar 104 0 2 102 13 25-Mar 109 0 2 107 5 26-Mar 114 0 2 112 5 27-Mar 115 0 2 113 1 28-Mar 120 1 25 94 5 29-Mar 126 1 34 91 6 30-Mar 127 1 38 88 1 31-Mar 129 1 45 83 2 1-Apr 131 1 52 78 2 2-Apr 133 1 56 76 2 3-Apr 134 1 65 68 1 4-Apr 135 1 66 68 1 5-Apr 135 1 73 61 0 6-Apr 135 1 82 52 0 7-Apr 135 1 85 49 0 8-Apr 135 1 91 43 0 9-Apr 135 1 92 42 0 10-Apr 136 1 99 36 1 11-Apr 136 1 104 31 0 12-Apr 136 1 106 29 0 13-Apr 136 1 107 28 0 14-Apr 136 1 107 28 0 15-Apr 136 1 108 27 0 16-Apr 136 1 108 27 0 17-Apr 136 1 112 23 0 18-Apr 137 1 113 23 1 19-Apr 138 1 115 22 1 20-Apr 138 1 116 21 0 21-Apr 138 1 116 21 0 22-Apr 138 1 117 20 0 23-Apr 138 1 119 18 0 24-Apr 138 1 120 17 0 25-Apr 138 1 121 16 0 26-Apr 138 1 123 14 0 27-Apr 138 1 124 13 0 28-Apr 138 1 124 13 0 29-Apr 138 1 124 13 0 30-Apr 138 1 124 13 0 1-May 138 1 124 13 0 2-May 138 1 126 11 0 3-May 138 1 128 9 0 4-May 139 1 130 8 1 5-May 141 1 131 9 2 6-May 141 1 131 9 0 7-May 141 1 131 9 0 8-May 141 1 132 8 0 9-May 141 1 132 8 0 10-May 141 1 134 6 0 11-May 141 1 134 6 0 12-May 141 1 134 6 0 13-May 141 1 134 6 0 14-May 141 1 134 6 0 15-May 141 1 135 5 0 16-May 141 1 136 4 0 17-May 141 1 136 4 0 18-May 141 1 136 4 0 19-May 141 1 136 4 0 20-May 141 1 136 4 0 21-May 141 1 136 4 0 22-May 141 1 136 4 0 23-May 141 1 136 4 0 24-May 141 1 137 3 0 25-May 141 1 137 3 0 26-May 141 1 137 3 0 27-May 141 2 137 2 0 28-May 141 2 138 1 0 29-May 141 2 138 1 0 30-May 141 2 138 1 0 31-May 141 2 138 1 0 1-Jun 141 2 138 1 0 2-Jun 141 2 138 1 0 3-Jun 141 2 138 1 0 4-Jun 141 2 138 1 0 5-Jun 141 2 138 1 0 6-Jun 141 2 138 1 0 7-Jun 141 2 138 1 0 8-Jun 141 2 138 1 0 9-Jun 141 2 138 1 0 10-Jun 141 2 138 1 0 11-Jun 141 2 138 1 0 12-Jun 141 2 138 1 0 13-Jun 141 2 138 1 0 14-Jun 141 2 138 1 0 15-Jun 141 2 138 1 0 16-Jun 141 3 138 0 0 17-Jun 141 3 138 0 0 18-Jun 141 3 138 0 0 19-Jun 141 3 138 0 0 20-Jun 141 3 138 0 0 21-Jun 141 3 138 0 0 22-Jun 141 3 138 0 0 23-Jun 141 3 138 0 0 24-Jun 141 3 138 0 0 25-Jun 141 3 138 0 0 26-Jun 141 3 138 0 0 27-Jun 141 3 138 0 0 28-Jun 141 3 138 0 0 29-Jun 141 3 138 0 0 30-Jun 141 3 138 0 0 Figure 7
Confirmed Cases in Brunei from March 9, 2020, to June 30, 2020
COVID-19 first reached Brunei Darussalam on March 9, 2020. The relevant interval of time is from this date until the last day of any recorded new case of COVID-19. The final set of new evidence that was reported in the country happened on May 7, 2020. There have been no new cases since then until August 1, 2020.
The resulting graph that depicts the growth of confirmed cases in Brunei Darussalam roughly resembles the right portion of the logistic curve shown in Figure 3. It is a concave right curve with a steep slope at first that slowly flattens as of April 2020. However, the curve is steep for values less than 100, and it is not recommended to use small numbers like these when concluding a pandemic. Pandemics affect millions of people worldwide; the total infections of Brunei Darussalam is rather insignificant compared to that.
As of August 2, 2020, the COVID-19 statistics of Brunei Darussalam are as follows: a total of 141 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the country, with a total of 138 recoveries, and three deaths.
Considering the period it takes for the number of cases to double, it would be a misrepresentation to calculate for this if the increments of new cases never exceeded 14 persons.
Discussion
Brunei Darussalam notably enforced travel restrictions on Chinese visitors as early as January 30, 2020 (The Bruneian), which conceivably reduced the risk of infected persons entering the country. By February 1, safety measures were already being implemented in the country, such as screening the body temperature of people who come to the country. On March 11, 2020, Brunei reported five more cases, which brought the country’s total number of confirmed cases to six, this implies that the spread of the diseases is increasing daily, with the increase of the disease the government ought to put serious inline consequences for any person who violates them safety measures put in place. The results were contrary to the expectations since the government had put in line the safety measures and had made sure the citizen follows them strictly. On the same day, the authorities announced that the scheduled date of school break would be moved to an earlier date, from March 16 to March 11. It is commendable how the quick government of Brunei Darussalam responded to a potential outbreak. As a result, it has successfully protected a vast majority of its population from the virus.
So many other countries dwarf the data set of COVID-19 cases in Brunei Darussalam. Its period of scientific and mathematical relevance only spans from March 9, 2020, the day of its first confirmed infection, until 60 days later, on May 7, 2020, the last day in which a new case of COVID-19 has been recorded. According to a brief analysis by Grant Sanderson (2020) on the COVID-19 instances in China, their statistics mimic the exponential part of the first part logistic curve. As of March 2020, China has not yet exhibited signs of reaching its point of inflection.
Given our available data set, the number of confirmed cases has more than doubled four times in the first four days, from 1 claim on March 9, 2020, to 37 cases on March 13. However, these are small numbers and should not be used to draw meaningful conclusions regarding doubling periods. The irregular rates of change exemplify it during the following days, weeks, and months. The number of newly recorded cases per day from March 9, 2020, to May 7, 2020, only ranged from 1 new to 14 new cases (on March 14, 2020).
Figure 8
New Cases of COVID-19 per day
The derivative of an exponential function should also be an exponential function. The derivative refers to the rate of change. However, once the values of new cases per day are represented on a graph, one can see that it does not look like an exponential function. The curve doesn’t open upward like an exponential curve. Instead, we get these small steps or pulses, and it is too inconclusive.
Since we are analyzing statistical data concerning a pandemic, concluding that there is insufficient data reflects the careful and adequate efforts of the Bruneian government to protect its citizens from death and disease. Their pandemic response has successfully halted COVID-19 before it could turn into an outbreak as it did in China and the United States, remarkably lowering E and p that the exponential model to such an extent that it no longer applies in this case. Thus, following the methodology, a short, flattening curve encompasses COVID-19’s short-lived stint in Brunei Darussalam.
Conclusion
The field of mathematics aims to quantify the various phenomena observed by scientists and researchers to understand their implications. The main aim of the research was to know the number of people who were infected with the COVID-19 so as to put strict rules to avoid further spread of the disease. In most cases, this method adds meaningful discussions to a study by showing trends and relationships between variables to analysts, which can be used to predict future events and formulate plans. However, not every phenomenon can be accurately represented in numerical equations. The government of Brunei Darussalam took the pandemic warning seriously and acted immediately. We cannot quantify how many lives were saved by the early imposition of travel restrictions for visitors coming from China. The campaign that the Bruneian government undertook to educate its citizens on the dangers of COVID-19 and how to prepare themselves, cooperating to create a socially engineered vaccine, has proven successful. Despite the authorities and frontline healthcare practitioners’ lack of detailed account, we can ascertain that they acted efficiently and swiftly to trace the people who came in contact with the confirmed patients. It is important to remember that the model used in this study assumes that the patients infected with COVID-19 can contact other healthy individuals with a probability. However, if the government ensures that these patients are kept in isolation as consistently as possible, the equation is no longer applicable. Although not the focus of this study, the rate of recovery of Brunei Darussalam is also remarkable, successfully curing 138 of its 141 COVID-19 patients.
There are other countries with more extensive pandemic data that would most probably necessitate the use of exponential and logistic curves in their analyses. For Brunei Darussalam, a short curve that spans the dates between March 9, 2020, and May 7, 2020, that gradually flattens is the mathematical model that accurately represents the discreet set of data in the brief period that COVID-19 was present in the country.
References
Central Intelligence Agency. (2020, July 21). East Asia/Southeast Asia:: Brunei. The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html
De No, G. (2011, October 12). Airport upgrade to start soon. The Brunei Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20150903210744/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2011/10/12/airport-upgrade-start-soon
Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, SL., et al. (2000). Molecular cell biology 4th ed. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman.
Ministry of Health of Brunei Darussalam. (2020, August 1). Press releases & press info on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). http://www.moh.gov.bn/SitePages/pressreleaseCOVID-19.aspx
Rothan, H., Byrareddy, S. (2020, May). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity (109). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
Sanderson, G. (2020, March 9). Exponential growth and epidemics. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kas0tIxDvrg
The Bruneian. (2020, January 30). Coronavirus: Brunei limits entry for China visitors. https://www.thebruneian.news/coronavirus-brunei-limits-entry-for-china-visitors/
The Strait Times. (2020, March 10). Coronavirus: Brunei reports five more cases, bringing total to six. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/coronavirus-brunei-reports-5-more-cases-bringing-total-to-six
Weather Atlas. (n.d.). Monthly weather forecast and climate Brunei. https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/brunei-climate
World Health Organization. (2020, April 17). Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses
World Health Organization. (2020, August 1). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation Report – 194. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200801-covid-19-sitrep-194.pdf
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Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors 10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors 15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. 20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. 5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. The can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper 7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. 10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. GET THIS PROJECT NOW BY CLICKING ON THIS LINK TO PLACE THE ORDER
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