Order ID | 53563633773 |
Type | Essay |
Writer Level | Masters |
Style | APA |
Sources/References | 4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order | 5-10 Pages |
Slavery Experience Culture Resistance and Abolition in Brazil
Essay of Five Plus Minimum Pages
Organize and write an essay that builds directly from at least 2 of the readings from Week 2 (J. Quirk: Defining Slavery in All of its Forms…; O. Patterson Slavery as a Social Institution; O. Patterson Slavery Comparative Aspects; A. Wirz History Slaves, Slavery), and at least 3 of the readings from Week 3 & 4 (5 chapters from Laird Bergan, The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States: Chapter 1 – From Colonization to Abolition: Patterns of Historical Development in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States pp. 1-32; Chapter 3 – Slaves in Their Own Words pp. 64-95; Chapter 6 – Making Space pp. 165-201; Chapter 7 – Resistance and Rebellions pp. 202-250; Chapter 8 – Abolition pp. 251-290).
Your essay should discuss what you consider to be the most important ways in which the contexts of slavery, experience, culture, resistance, and abolition in Brazil, Cuba and the U.S. are similar and different from one another? In developing your discussion bring particular attention to how these specific cases/contexts reflect both how we understand slavery, and what we remain unclear about?
Use any consistent format of citation.
Discussions I wrote in class-
Chapter One
Cuba was predominantly an agricultural society, until the Spanish began the conquest of Cuba in 1511, and by 1515 the entire island was under Spanish control. Cuba was important to Spain as,” Cuba became a critical supply area for seagoing exploratory missions and wars of conquest. Cattle ranching thrived, with its low labor demands, and the need for food production to provision the small ports and the voyages launched to the west stimulated significant agricultural development near coastal towns“(Bergad,13). In this time era slaves would work side by side with free laborers in assisting with production, and there weren’t many off them until Cuba had to increase its production of export crops. Then the Cuban population began expanding,” In 1650, the island may have had somewhere around 30,000 inhabitants, of whom around 5,000 were slaves. The population may be estimated near 50,000 in 1700, but thereafter there was steady population expansion and in 1774, the first reliable population data are available, there were over 170,000 people living in Cuba, 26 percent of them (44,000) enslaved”( Bergad,15). When the Spanish first conquered Cuba the population of slaves was low but as production fueled the economy the numbers of slaves grew. Even though 44,000 slaves is a big number this record was going to be beaten and it was all due to the British occupying Havana, Cuba’s capital city. And the British had a huge economic and political impact during their occupation of Cuba as,” Cuba was opened to unrestricted free trade with foreign markets, principally British, This meant the flooding of Cuba with a wide array of consumer goods; the large-sale purchase of Cuban products such as sugar, tobacco, hides, and coffee by British merchants; and a significant escalation of the Cuban slave trade because of the freedom given to British slave traders to enter Havana slave markets”(Bergad,16). Slavery was low in Cuba until Spain conquered the island and made production of exports increase, creating a boom in the economy that would further expand Cuba as a slave based society for production of commercial goods such as sugar and tobacco.
Chapter 7 Brazil & Cuba
In Brazil, one way how resistance occurred was by forming what is known as mocambos or quilombos which were runaway slave communities formed to protect themselves against authorities who were out on the look for fugitives. With the help of the geographical location they were surrounded by, it was very isolated from other plantations or rural areas. This gives the runaways the opportunity to start a new life without being under control by their masters. Slaves in Brazil used tactics to avoid their masters rather than attempt to overthrow their ruling.
The article states, “ It is also certain that the area was a magnet for slaves seeking freedom for as long as it survived, and that its existence was well known among the slave populations of nearby regions in Alagoas and, more importantly, among slaves on the sugar plantations of Pernambuco” (Bergad, 215).
This quote shows another way slaves were able to rebel against their masters was to work together and communicate to not let the authorities find out about these communities because they were becoming very successful for runaways, with the most populated community at 10k-20k. Because of these tactics to escape, one long-term effect was the amount of production that came from these communities that allowed them to thrive the way they did. In relation to the community, Palmares, the article stated, “Palmares survived as an agricultural community whose residents cultivated food crops, raised animals, engaged in trade with nearby and sometimes distant regions, and on occasion raided other areas to secure supplies that could not be acquired through commerce” (Bergad, 215). A community that was built from runaway slaves and now trades with regions across the world shows how skillful these people were and how they managed to change many other lives’ and save them from a life of suffering and pain. One immediate consequence faced by runaways when they would steal property of those mining for gold in Brazil, is the formation of a military unit to combat these runaways.
The article states, “…it was virtually impossible to destroy the dozens of quilombos that were formed and sometimes disintegrated for various reasons, only to be reconstituted over and again during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries” (Bergad, 218). This quote helps explain the potential this militarized group had to eliminate all runaway presence as they covered a lot of the area. Also, ex-runaways were placed as military officers to help with insight on where any might be located.
Cuba
In Cuba many slaves found ways to rebel against their masters. Slaves tried to find ways to be free all throughout history. Male slaves usually just ran away. Men were more likely to run away than women because they had no reason to stay. Most women had children that were also slaves and they couldn’t bear to leave them alone. It would be hard to run away by themselves but if she was carrying a baby or running with a toddler she would get caught much easier. Slaves ran away for many reasons; some had a long plan they had to execute but some were sparked by a traumatic incident. When a slave ran away they were often caught and brought back. “Some of the slave owners would fill out advertisements that offer a reward for the capture of slaves who fled”(page 3).
There were also bounty hunters called the Rancheador who found the slave and brought them back to their owners for a reward. Once a slave is caught they are punished based on what they did. “If murder was involved, those found responsible were executed, if damage to property occurred without loss of life, it was rare if a slave was put to death. Punishments…were usually drastic or extreme including incarceration, chaining and shackling were brutal public ceremonies in hope that it would teach other slaves what would happen if they did these things”(page 5). Some slaves resisted to work because of mistreatment but did not run or attack there slave owners. “In 1841…in Havana during the construction of the home of Cuba’s wealthiest planter…slaves refused to work because of mistreatment and unfilled demands for monetary compensation… this caused the Spanish authorities to launch a full-scale attack on unarmed slaves which killed and wounded many slaves”(page 10). Slaves were owned by their masters so when any sort of resistance or rebellion occurred the masters would get scared and give unlawful consequences.
Chapter 8 Cuba & Brazil
The origins of how or why the abolition movement gained traction is still a debated subject. However, the abolition movement gained momentum around two central events: the French Revolution that led to the Haitian revolution and the second Great Awakening. The Great Awakening led many Christians to begin opposing slavery according to their beliefs. They began to push back on the efforts to maintain slavery in the United States, although it had a limited impact.On the other hand, the Haitian Revolution was the first large scale slave revolt that was successful and many slaves and abolitionists began to draw inspiration from this event.
There were more frequent uprisings of slaves and the British in particular were the first to act on it, “England became the center of an antislavery mass movement during the late eighteenth century, and gradually abolitionism was embraced by British political elites” (Bergad 253). The British created pressure for other countries, especially in the Americas, to end slavery permanently. “Clearly controlled by the British, the mixed commissions were to adjudicate cases involving seized slave ships” (Bergad 258). Mixed pressure from the slaves themselves, abolitionists who sided with the slaves, and also external pressure from powers like Britain led to the final collapse of slavery in the Americas. “There was also a fundamentally different character to antislaving and antislavery issues in the United States compared to Great Britain” (Bergad 257).
Unlike America, Cuba and Brazil did not have regions where people opposed slavery so that wasn’t as much of a source of conflict for either country. For Cuba and Brazil, the Haitian Revolution really set the tone in addition to the British pressure they were receiving. It is worth analyzing such causes for abolition and how a society’s mind was changed to view slavery differently after hundreds of years of building a system. Details of abolition are pertinent in order to examine the effects and the consequences of where it leads to. It is important to answer the question of whether it was successful.
According to chapter 8 slavery was abolished because the way philosophers, religious leaders and free people convinced political leaders to come up with laws that abolished slavery. These people pushed for the international end to both slavery and the slave trade. Bergad said it best in his text that “Their motivation were said to have been conditioned by major shifts in ideas focusing upon humanistic and moral questions that parallel the rise of rationalism and democratic systems in Europe and the United States.” (Comparative Histories ch.8 pg.252). This quote from the text is basically saying that the way that people started viewing Slaves as human beings and realizing that what they were doing was wrong, their beliefs began to change. Brazil was one of the last countries to abolish slavery, and they only did so because of the domestic and international political pressure they faced.
Although slavery was looked down upon Brazil and Cuba continued to import slaves because powerful people relied on slaves for labor so they could make money. Bergad states “…since so many powerful public figures were slaveholders whose economic lifelines were linked directly or indirectly to slavery.” (Comparative Histories ch.8 pg.252) meaning that since the people in charge of the country owned slaves it would be hard for the country to have sympathy for ending slavery.
The detail of abolition matters because of the shift in beliefs that religious leaders, philosophers, and even political leaders had changed. Religion and laws were no longer a justification for the enslavement of people. Laws were updated to force the end of slavery. While philosophy had evolved in the way that people thought no longer became a good reason to punish and mistreat people. Not all countries views and beliefs lead them to want to end slavery.
In fact, Brazil was described by Bergad that “There was little sympathy for, or even consideration of, emancipation for slaves, except among a handful of intellectuals until the issue was forced upon Brazilians by international pressures in 1806…” (ch.8 pg.282). Details leading up to the abolishment matters because it is important to see the impact that when a mass amount of people decide to change their views and beliefs, they can put pressure on others to make a major change as well. Chapter One
Cuba was predominantly an agricultural society, until the Spanish began the conquest of Cuba in 1511, and by 1515 the entire island was under Spanish control. Cuba was important to Spain as,” Cuba became a critical supply area for seagoing exploratory missions and wars of conquest. Cattle ranching thrived, with it’s low labor demands, and the need for food production to provision the small ports and the voyages launched to the west stimulated significant agricultural development near coastal towns“( Bergad,13). In this time era slaves would work side by side with free laborers in assisting with production, and there weren’t many off them until Cuba had to increase its production of export crops. Then the Cuban population began expanding,” In 1650, the island may have had somewhere around 30,000 inhabitants, of whom around 5,000 were slaves. The population may be estimated near 50,000 in 1700, but thereafter there was steady population expansion and in 1774, the first reliable population data are available, there were over 170,000 people living in Cuba, 26 percent of them (44,000) enslaved”( Bergad,15). When the Spanish first conquered Cuba the population of slaves was low but as production fueled the economy the numbers of slaves grew. Even though 44,000 slaves is a big number this record was going to be beaten and it was all due to the British occupying Havana, Cuba’s capital city. And the British had a huge economic and political impact during their occupation of Cuba as,” Cuba was opened to unrestricted free trade with foreign markets, principally British, This meant the flooding of Cuba with a wide array of consumer goods; the large-sale purchase of Cuban products such as sugar, tobacco, hides, and coffee by British merchants; and a significant escalation of the Cuban slave trade because of the freedom given to British slave traders to enter Havana slave markets”(Bergad,16). Slavery was low in Cuba until Spain conquered the island and made production of exports increase, creating a boom in the economy that would further expand Cuba as a slave based society for production of commercial goods such as sugar and tobacco.
Chapter 7 Brazil & Cuba
In Brazil, one way how resistance occurred was by forming what is known as mocambos or quilombos which were runaway slave communities formed to protect themselves against authorities who were out on the look for fugitives. With the help of the geographical location they were surrounded by, it was very isolated from other plantations or rural areas. This gives the runaways the opportunity to start a new life without being under control by their masters. Slaves in Brazil used tactics to avoid their masters rather than attempt to overthrow their ruling.
The article states, “ It is also certain that the area was a magnet for slaves seeking freedom for as long as it survived, and that its existence was well known among the slave populations of nearby regions in Alagoas and, more importantly, among slaves on the sugar plantations of Pernambuco” (Bergad, 215). This quote shows another way slaves were able to rebel against their masters was to work together and communicate to not let the authorities find out about these communities because they were becoming very successful for runaways, with the most populated community at 10k-20k. Because of these tactics to escape, one long-term effect was the amount of production that came from these communities that allowed them to thrive the way they did. In relation to the community, Palmares, the article stated, “Palmares survived as an agricultural community whose residents cultivated food crops, raised animals, engaged in trade with nearby and sometimes distant regions, and on occasion raided other areas to secure supplies that could not be acquired through commerce” (Bergad, 215). A community that was built from runaway slaves and now trades with regions across the world shows how skillful these people were and how they managed to change many other lives’ and save them from a life of suffering and pain. One immediate consequence faced by runaways when they would steal property of those mining for gold in Brazil, is the formation of a military unit to combat these runaways. The article states, “…it was virtually impossible to destroy the dozens of quilombos that were formed and sometimes disintegrated for various reasons, only to be reconstituted over and again during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries” (Bergad, 218). This quote helps explain the potential this militarized group had to eliminate all runaway presence as they covered a lot of the area. Also, ex-runaway’s were placed as military officers to help with insight on where any might be located.
Cuba
In Cuba many slaves found ways to rebel against their masters. Slaves tried to find ways to be free all throughout history. Male slaves usually just ran away. Men were more likely to run away than women because they had no reason to stay. Most women had children that were also slaves and they couldn’t bear to leave them alone. It would be hard to run away by themselves but if she was carrying a baby or running with a toddler she would get caught much easier. Slaves ran away for many reasons; some had a long plan they had to execute but some were sparked by a traumatic incident. When a slave ran away they were often caught and brought back. “Some of the slave owners would fill out advertisements that offer a reward for the capture of slaves who fled”(page 3).
There were also bounty hunters called the Rancheador who found the slave and brought them back to their owners for a reward. Once a slave is caught they are punished based on what they did. “If murder was involved, those found responsible were executed, if damage to property occurred without loss of life, it was rare if a slave was put to death. Punishments…were usually drastic or extreme including incarceration, chaining and shackling were brutal public ceremonies in hope that it would teach other slaves what would happen if they did these things”(page 5). Some slaves resisted to work because of mistreatment but did not run or attack there slave owners. “In 1841…in Havana during the construction of the home of Cuba’s wealthiest planter…slaves refused to work because of mistreatment and unfilled demands for monetary compensation… this caused the Spanish authorities to launch a full-scale attack on unarmed slaves which killed and wounded many slaves”(page 10). Slaves were owned by their masters so when any sort of resistance or rebellion occurred the masters would get scared and give unlawful consequences.
Chapter 8 Cuba & Brazil
The origins of how or why the abolition movement gained traction is still a debated subject. However, the abolition movement gained momentum around two central events: the French Revolution that led to the Haitian revolution and the second Great Awakening. The Great Awakening led many Christians to begin opposing slavery according to their beliefs. They began to push back on the efforts to maintain slavery in the United States, although it had a limited impact.On the other hand, the Haitian Revolution was the first large scale slave revolt that was successful and many slaves and abolitionists began to draw inspiration from this event.
There were more frequent uprisings of slaves and the British in particular were the first to act on it, “England became the center of an antislavery mass movement during the late eighteenth century, and gradually abolitionism was embraced by British political elites” (Bergad 253). The British created pressure for other countries, especially in the Americas, to end slavery permanently. “Clearly controlled by the British, the mixed commissions were to adjudicate cases involving seized slave ships” (Bergad 258).
Mixed pressure from the slaves themselves, abolitionists who sided with the slaves, and also external pressure from powers like Britain led to the final collapse of slavery in the Americas. “There was also a fundamentally different character to antislaving and antislavery issues in the United States compared to Great Britain” (Bergad 257). Unlike America, Cuba and Brazil did not have regions where people opposed slavery so that wasn’t as much of a source of conflict for either country. For Cuba and Brazil, the Haitian Revolution really set the tone in addition to the British pressure they were receiving. It is worth analyzing such causes for abolition and how a society’s mind was changed to view slavery differently after hundreds of years of building a system. Details of abolition are pertinent in order to examine the effects and the consequences of where it leads to. It is important to answer the question of whether it was successful.
According to chapter 8 slavery was abolished because the way philosophers, religious leaders and free people convinced political leaders to come up with laws that abolished slavery. These people pushed for the international end to both slavery and the slave trade. Bergad said it best in his text that “Their motivation were said to have been conditioned by major shifts in ideas focusing upon humanistic and moral questions that parallel the rise of rationalism and democratic systems in Europe and the United States.” (Comparative Histories ch.8 pg.252). This quote from the text is basically saying that the way that people started viewing Slaves as human beings and realizing that what they were doing was wrong, their beliefs began to change. Brazil was one of the last countries to abolish slavery, and they only did so because of the domestic and international political pressure they faced. Although slavery was looked down upon Brazil and Cuba continued to import slaves because powerful people relied on slaves for labor so they could make money. Bergad states “…since so many powerful public figures were slaveholders whose economic lifelines were linked directly or indirectly to slavery.” (Comparative Histories ch.8 pg.252) meaning that since the people in charge of the country owned slaves it would be hard for the country to have sympathy for ending slavery.
The detail of abolition matters because of the shift in beliefs that religious leaders, philosophers, and even political leaders had changed. Religion and laws were no longer a justification for the enslavement of people. Laws were updated to force the end of slavery. While philosophy had evolved in the way that people thought no longer became a good reason to punish and mistreat people. Not all countries views and beliefs lead them to want to end slavery. In fact, Brazil was described by Bergad that “There was little sympathy for, or even consideration of, emancipation for slaves, except among a handful of intellectuals until the issue was forced upon Brazilians by international pressures in 1806…” (ch.8 pg.282). Details leading up to the abolishment matters because it is important to see the impact that when a mass amount of people decide to change their views and beliefs, they can put pressure on others to make a major change as well.
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