Shifted Narratives Personal and Professional Perspectives
Order ID |
53563633773 |
Type |
Essay |
Writer Level |
Masters |
Style |
APA |
Sources/References |
4 |
The perfect number of Pages to Order |
5-10 Pages |
Description/Paper Instructions
Shifted Narratives Personal and Professional Perspectives
Erythropoietin Extra credit report (699 word count) Introduction to Biochemistry Michael Prentice April 26, 2017
Erythropoietin (EPO) is naturally occurring protein hormone the body uses every day, however, its abuse
in synthetic form is a type of blood doping that has been the subject of many recent sporting fraud
cases, most notably, multiple Tour de France winner Lance Armstrong, but has also been abused in other
sporting venues, particularly the Olympic games (1).
Erythropoietin is a type I cytokine protein hormone which is created primarily in the kidney but also less
so in the liver (2). Endogenous EPO was first isolated in 1977, and its gene was first cloned in 1985.The
gene for human erythropoietin is located at chromosome 7q11-22. It is composed of four introns and
five exons, resulting in a post-transcriptional single polypeptide of 193 amino acids. This single amino
acid backbone undergoes post-translational modification whereby one O-glycosylation and three
N-glycosylation sites are added and 28 amino acids are removed. This results in the final primary
structure of mature EPO containing 165 amino acids in a polypeptide chain with a molecular mass
estimated to be 30 kilodaltons (3).
EPO primary structure (4)
EPO folds into a globular three-dimensional structure consisting of four amphipathic α helices connected
by loops that lack secondary structure. The structure is stabilized by a disulphide bridge between the
amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal helices (5).
EPO ribbon structure (6)
EPO acts on erythrocytes, commonly known as red blood cells, which are disc-shaped cells that are
responsible for carrying oxygen via embedded hemoglobin throughout the body (7). When oxygen is
inhaled through the lungs, it is delivered to red blood cells and carried to cells for use in metabolism, and
the resulting carbon dioxide is then returned to the lungs for exhalation via the same red blood cells (8).
Erythrocyte (9)
Red blood cells are created in the bone marrow and in order to manufacture these red blood cells the
body uses EPO. EPO specifically targets erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow to cause maturation
into erythrocytes (3). EPO is a component of blood plasma and has a half-life of approximately 7 to 8
hours. It binds to receptors that are present in relatively small numbers (approximately 1000/cell) on the
surface of the erythroid progenitor cells. The EPO signal transduction pathway follows the classical
transduction pathway where EPO binds to an EPOR homo-dimer leading to activation of the signaling
cascade. The main signaling pathways activated by EPO are the JAK2/STAT5 pathway, protein kinase C
(PKC) pathway, RAS/MAP kinase pathway, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway (10).
EPO transduction pathway (10)
If the body does not create enough red blood cells, a condition called anemia ensues. Anemia can be
caused by several factors, one of which is low EPO production. An artificially synthesized form of EPO,
recombinant erythropoietin, can be administered via injection in patients suffering from anemia.
Recombinant erythropoietin is categorized as an erythropoietin-stimulating agent (ESA). Patients
undergoing chemotherapy or suffering from renal (kidney) failure are the most common recipients of
this drug, although other patients, such as those who refuse blood transfusions, also receive EPO
treatments (8).
EPO – erythrocyte cycle (11)
Similar to anemic patients, athletes use EPO in order to increase the number of oxygen carrying
erythrocytes circulating in their body. This increases their ability to metabolize the delivered oxygen and
gives them an unfair advantage over their competition (12).
References
1. http://www.theverge.com/2013/1/17/3886424/programming-your-body-lance-armstrong-and- doping-technology (Accessed April 26, 2017)
2. http://www.rice.edu/~jenky/sports/epo.html (Accessed April 26, 2017)
3. John, M. J., Jaison, V., Jain, K., Kakkar, N., & Jacob, J. J. (2012). Erythropoietin use and abuse. Indian
Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 16(2), 220–227. http://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.93739
4. Lappin, T. (2003). The Cellular Biology of Erythropoietin Receptors. The Oncologist 2003; 8:15-18;
doi:10.1634/theoncologist.8-suppl_1-15
5. Bunn, H. F. (2013). Erythropoietin. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 3(3), a011619.
6. https://www.mskcc.org/blog/msk-investigators-synthesize-vital-biological-molecule-erythropoietin-first-t ime (Accessed April 26, 2017)
7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014/ (Accessed April 26, 2017)
8. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/erythropoietin-stimulating-agents (Accessed April 26, 2017)
9. http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_saladin/folder_structure/tr/m1/s4/ (Accessed April 26, 2017)
10. Debeljak, N., Solár, P., & Sytkowski, A. J. (2014). Erythropoietin and Cancer: The Unintended
Consequences of Anemia Correction. Frontiers in Immunology, 5, 563.
http://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00563
11. http://163.178.103.176/casosberne/4dcardiovascular/caso26-2/htmlc/casosb2/ulcera/hema1.html (Accessed April 26, 2017)
12. http://www.medicinenet.com/blood_doping/views.htm (Accessed April 26, 2017)
Shifted Narratives Personal and Professional Perspectives
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE |
NO RESPONSE |
POOR / UNSATISFACTORY |
SATISFACTORY |
GOOD |
EXCELLENT |
Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) |
Zero points: The student failed to submit the final paper. |
20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly address the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explain key concepts or ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points or claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. |
30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not fully explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts or ideas, though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims or points, but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. |
40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content, identifying and explaining most of the key concepts and ideas, using correct terminology, explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. |
50 points: The essay illustrates an exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content, identifying and explaining all of the key concepts and ideas, using correct terminology, explaining the reasoning behind key points and claims, and substantiating, as necessary or useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. |
Use of sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points) |
Zero points: The student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. |
5 out of 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements, and/or the format of the citations is not recognized as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable The student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of the research collected for the paper. |
10 out of 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. There are frequent errors in the APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. |
15 out of 20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used effectively to support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in references and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. |
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to provide compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. The APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses references above the maximum required in the development of the assignment. |
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) |
Zero points: The student failed to submit the final paper. |
5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas or points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or there are numerous grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors |
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering, and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors |
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. |
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation; and logical organization; and the essay is error-free. |
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) |
Zero points: The student failed to submit the final paper. |
3 points out of 10: The student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. |
5 points out of 10: The appearance of the final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. The font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too much or too little paper |
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. |
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. |
|
|
Also, you can place the order at www.collegepaper.us/orders/ordernow / www.phdwriters.us/orders/ordernow
|
Do You Have Any Other Essay/Assignment/Class Project/Homework Related to this? Click Here Now [CLICK ME]and Have It Done by Our PhD Qualified Writers!! |
|
|
PLACE THE ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!