Sensation of Itching Essay Assignment
Order ID 53563633773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
Sensation of Itching Essay Assignment
Choose a scientific article that interests you and read it carefully. Briefly summarize the research and state a question or new experiment you would like to see carried out as a result of this research.
When you submit an article review, remember that you are expected to choose challenging research articles on neurobiology from scientific journals. Articles of a more psychological or social nature will not be acceptable nor will articles from the everyday press.
You must include the full citation for your article and an active link to the article.
EXAMPLE OF FORMAT FOR THIS QUESTION TO BE ANSWERED IN.
Summation: This study investigated the neurobiology of itching and its modulation by cold treatments. The experimental design used PET scans of blood flow to measure brain activity in 15 healthy volunteers. It was found that an area of the midbrain, the periaqueductal grey, seems to be involved in the modulation of itching. At the same time, several areas of the brain seem to be less active when the itching is modulated than when it is not.
Original Source: This is an original scientific article about research performed at the Tohoku University school of Medicine in Japan.
What was studied: This research investigated what areas of the brain are active during the sensation of itching and what areas are affected when itching is modulated by the administration of cold treatments.
How the study was conducted: 15 healthy young men were exposed to 2 different concentrations of histamine, which is known to elicit the sensation of itching, in a dose dependent manner. Some were also treated with the application of cold on the foot opposite to the one given the histamine treatment.
This was done to exclude the possibility of the cold treatment affecting itching on the local level. The study was designed to see how cold treatment affected the sensation of itching through changes in the activity of the brain. Subjects underwent PET scans to determine cerebral blood flow. Blood flow is a known indicator of brain activity. Proper controls were used for all treatments and experimental techniques.
What was concluded: Itching resulted in increased blood flow to many brain areas including left anterior cingulate cortex, left halamus, right posterior parietal cortex, as well as other areas. Concurrent treatment with cold decreased blood flow to these areas and resulted in an increase in blood flow to the periaqueductal area of the midbrain (PAG). It was concluded that the modulation of itching by cold treatment seems to involve increased activity in PAG and decreased activity in other parts of the brain.
New Questions: This article mentions that other studies have shown that an injection of morphine (an opiate receptor agonist) into PAG reduces the sensation of pain. What would happen in a similar study of itching and cold treatment if PAG were injected with morphine? Would it cause the sensation of itching to increase in intensity?
What would be the effect of causing itching in the right foot and cooling the left arm?
Is there some reason the cooling and the itching have to be on contralateral sides of the same site?
My Opinion: Itching doesn’t seem important unless you or someone you know has suffered with it. For some people it can be a serious and chronic condition. Since this research investigated itching and how a treatment such as cold might help, it could lead to improved understanding of itching and better treatments.
Glossary
Make use of the college resources, good college dictionaries, and your text.
Modulate: (American Heritage dictionary) “To adjust or adapt to a certain proportion; to regulate or temper.” The article, I reviewed discusses the “modulation” of itching by cold treatment. This means that cold treatment changed (or modulated) activity in those parts of the the brain that had been activated by itching alone and increased activity in an area (PAG) that may be involved in the “modulation of itching.”
PET scan: positron emission tomography. This is a neurological imaging technique that is especially important in measuring brain activity. In this study, PET scans were performed to determine which areas of the brain were most active when the sensation of itching was induced and which had changed activity levels when cold treatments were added. See Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine.
PAG: periaqueductal gray. It is an area in the midbrain known to be involved in some pain sensations. In this study, this area of the brain showed increased blood flow when examined with a PET scan. Therefore, PAG seems to have increased activity when cold treatment is used along with itching. The conclusion is that this area of the brain may be involved with the “modulation of itching.” See: text page G-19.
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. 50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors 10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors 15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. 20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. 5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper 7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. 10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. GET THIS PROJECT NOW BY CLICKING ON THIS LINK TO PLACE THE ORDER
CLICK ON THE LINK HERE: https://www.perfectacademic.com/orders/ordernow
Also, you can place the order at www.collegepaper.us/orders/ordernow / www.phdwriters.us/orders/ordernow
Do You Have Any Other Essay/Assignment/Class Project/Homework Related to this? Click Here Now [CLICK ME]and Have It Done by Our PhD Qualified Writers!!