Scientific Discoveries and their Medical Impact
Order ID |
53563633773 |
Type |
Essay |
Writer Level |
Masters |
Style |
APA |
Sources/References |
4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order |
5-10 Pages |
Description/Paper Instructions
The Revolution of Vaccines: Scientific Discoveries and their Medical Impact”
Vaccines have been instrumental in revolutionizing the field of medicine, protecting individuals from infectious diseases and significantly improving public health. Over the years, scientific discoveries and advancements in vaccine technology have led to breakthroughs that have saved countless lives. This article aims to explore the key scientific discoveries behind vaccines and highlight their profound medical impact.
Early Vaccination Pioneers
The foundation of vaccines dates back to the late 18th century when Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine. By observing that milkmaids who contracted cowpox did not develop smallpox, he hypothesized that exposure to cowpox protected against the deadly disease. This breakthrough paved the way for the concept of immunization, leading to the eradication of smallpox in 1980.
Advancements in Vaccine Development
Advancements in microbiology and immunology during the 19th and 20th centuries furthered the understanding of infectious diseases and enabled the development of various vaccines. Louis Pasteur’s work on attenuated (weakened) vaccines against diseases like rabies and anthrax was transformative. This led to the establishment of vaccination programs worldwide.
In the 20th century, the discovery of inactivated and subunit vaccines expanded the vaccine repertoire. The inactivated polio vaccine, pioneered by Jonas Salk, played a crucial role in the near eradication of polio. Subunit vaccines, such as those for hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV), utilize specific components of the pathogen, making them safer and more effective.
DNA and mRNA Vaccines
Recent scientific breakthroughs have propelled the development of DNA and mRNA vaccines, marking a significant turning point in vaccine technology. DNA vaccines introduce a small, harmless piece of the pathogen’s DNA into the body, triggering an immune response. mRNA vaccines, like the ones against COVID-19, provide instructions to cells to produce a harmless piece of the virus, stimulating an immune response without causing infection.
mRNA vaccines have demonstrated unprecedented speed in development and have shown remarkable efficacy against COVID-19. They offer advantages in terms of scalability, adaptability, and reduced manufacturing time compared to traditional vaccines. Their success has opened new avenues for vaccine research and development.
Impact on Public Health
The impact of vaccines on public health cannot be overstated. Vaccination campaigns have led to the eradication of diseases such as smallpox and near-eradication of polio. Immunization has significantly reduced the incidence of measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis, and many other infectious diseases worldwide.
Vaccines have also had a substantial impact on reducing child mortality rates. According to the World Health Organization, vaccines prevent an estimated 2-3 million deaths every year. They have helped communities overcome health disparities and improve overall well-being.
Conclusion
The revolution of vaccines, driven by scientific discoveries, has transformed the landscape of medicine. From early pioneers like Edward Jenner to the advent of DNA and mRNA vaccines, the field has continuously evolved. Vaccines have saved lives, prevented diseases, and mitigated the burden on healthcare systems. The rapid development and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines exemplify the power and potential of this revolutionary technology. As research continues, vaccines will remain at the forefront of disease prevention, improving global health outcomes, and safeguarding future generations.
Scientific Discoveries and their Medical Impact
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE |
NO RESPONSE |
POOR / UNSATISFACTORY |
SATISFACTORY |
GOOD |
EXCELLENT |
Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. |
30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. |
40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. |
50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. |
Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). |
Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. |
5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. |
10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. |
15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. |
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. |
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors |
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors |
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. |
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. |
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. |
5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper |
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. |
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. |
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