Restrictions on Use of Phage Therapy in North America
Order ID |
53563633773 |
Type |
Essay |
Writer Level |
Masters |
Style |
APA |
Sources/References |
4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order |
5-10 Pages |
Description/Paper Instructions
Restrictions on Use of Phage Therapy in North America
Reply to these two discussions. 1.PART II
- Would the villagers need to drink repeatedly or only once from the treated wells to obtain a sufficient dose to serve as a cure? What is the basis of your answer?
– The villagers would need to drink from the treated wells repeatedly. A single serving of the treated water would not be enough to remove all the bacteria from the body. This is based on the Europeans coming back a few days later to find that symptoms of those in the village were improving.
- Should the villagers be concerned that this bacterial virus will be harmful to their microbial fora (such as their intestinal bacteria)? Why or why not?
– The villagers should not be concerned with the bacterial virus being harmful to microbial flora because cholera targets the intestines and with combating cholera it will help with treating the intestines.
PART III
2.This experiment does not capture some of the complexities of administering treatments in a human body. What are some of the factors that would affect the effectiveness of these treatments in a human body that are not measured in these flasks? How might these factors affect treatment?
-Some factors that affect the effectiveness of the treatments are body temperature and a person’s immune system. Treatment would vary from person to person due to the different body temperatures and the strength of the immune system.
PART IV
- I believe that restrictions should be loosened. I feel that the pharmaceutical companies only care about making money versus actually trying to treat the individual patient. Everyone does not react the same to treatments that may be given. With phage therapy it can be used in places that antibiotics cannot be used.
2nd discussion:
PART II
- Would the villagers need to drink repeatedly or only once from the treated wells to obtain a sufficient dose to serve as a cure? What is the basis of your answer?
The villagers need to drink the water only once from the treated wells to obtain a sufficient dose to serve as a cure because the supplied bacteriophages in the water need to be constantly there for the leftover bacteria. It is important that all the bacteria is being prevented and the only way to achieve that would be to provide a one dose from the phages which would then reproduce and through the lytic process kill the bacteria. The lytic cycle helps to produce more protein to keep the constant killing of the bacteria.
- Once a person ingests a dose of phages, how long will the treatment remain effective in his or her body? In other words, what is the time course of the treatment? Would you expect the effectiveness of this treatment to increase or decrease over time? Why?
Once a person ingests a dose of phages, the treatment will remain effective in his or her body until all the bacteria has been destroyed. The dose will also need to be maintained by making sure to drink clean water or else it might be ineffective. The phage cells need a host to live off of, so in that case the production of protein can occur without any impact.
PART III
- What are some advantages of antibiotics over phages in the treatment of infection in humans?
As mentioned in the article, Antibiotics are chemicals that can prevent the growth of bacteria or even kill them. In that case, antibiotics are an advantage there but only until when the bacteria start getting less susceptible to the antibiotic. When it comes to phages, they can mutate along with the bacteria to keep infecting them as compared to antibiotics. It is a huge advantage that the bacteria cannot build up resistance to them like the antibiotics but the phages change with them as well.
PART IV
- Do you think restrictions on the use of phage therapy in North America should be loosened? Why or why not?
The use of phage therapy has been greatly beneficial towards killing specific bacteria but because of that reason it can be dangerous. It requires personalized treatment which can be very time consuming and costly. The use of phage therapy should not be loosened for these reasons because antibiotics can get the job done. This therapy can end up not working and be fatal towards humans. It might be able to do a better job at locating specific bacteria that antibiotic cannot but it is not worth the risk of it possibly being fatal.
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE |
NO RESPONSE |
POOR / UNSATISFACTORY |
SATISFACTORY |
GOOD |
EXCELLENT |
Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. |
30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. |
40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. |
50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. |
Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). |
Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. |
5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. |
10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. |
15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. |
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. |
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors |
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors |
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. |
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. |
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. |
5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper |
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. |
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. |
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