Order ID | 53563633773 |
Type | Essay |
Writer Level | Masters |
Style | APA |
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Perfect Number of Pages to Order | 5-10 Pages |
Principal Difference Between Family and Individual Counseling
Week 4 Discussion
chose a family either from a popular movie, television series, book, etc. – and discuss the family from each family therapy approach. Students are expected to elaborate on the character and highlight material obtained in chapter 15.
Chapter 15 Summary Lecture The defining historical events in the family counseling field occurred in the 1950s when a number of researchers who were working independently began to look at schizophrenia as an area where family influences might be connected to the development of psychotic symptoms.
Those efforts of Bateson’s Palo Alto, California, group, Lid’s project at Yale, and Bowen and Wynn at the Institute of Mental Health led to research discoveries of the therapeutic value of seeing family members together. The principal difference between family and individual counseling is that family counseling focuses on the family and its members’ interactions and relations.
Often, individual counseling tends to separate individuals and their problems from the family setting. Family counseling or family therapy, by contrast, almost always involves interventions to alter the way an entire family system operates. The family counseling and therapy label covers a wide variety of arrangements for the participants: It may be individual, couples, parent and child, or the entire family, including all who live in the home. Family therapists use a circular causality diagnosis that considers roles each person plays in the problem situation.
The family is defined by an organizational structure that is characterized by degrees of cohesiveness, love, loyalty, and purpose as well as high levels of shared values, interests, activities, and attention to the needs of its members. Families may be considered a system, organized wholes or units made up of several interdependent and interacting parts. Each member has a significant influence on all other members.
For positive change in an identified client, therefore, family members have to change the way they interact. Family therapists work with the present relationships rather than the past. They are interested in the balance families maintain between bipolar extremes that characterize dysfunctional families. Core Concepts critical to understanding family therapy theories are these: centripetal and centrifugal, cybernetics, family, dyad, marital dyad, nuclear family, holon, family boundaries, family homeostasis, family projection process, family system, family therapist, family therapy, feedback loop, triangulation Goldenberg and Goldenberg included some other fundamental concepts which are family roles, narratives and assumptions, pseudo mutuality and pseudo hostility, mystification, and scapegoating. Family therapists may use a variety of approaches in counseling but would all agree on these principles:
People are products of their interactions and family relationships must be taken into account. Problem behavior in a person comes from the context of relationships. Interventions to help the person are most effective when the faulty interaction patterns are changed. Individual symptoms are maintained by the current family system transactions. Conjoint sessions, with the family as the treatment unit and the focus on family interaction, are more effective in producing change than trying to uncover intrapsychic problems in individual sessions.
Assessing family subsystems and boundaries within the family and between the family and the external world provides clues about the family organization and susceptibility to change. Traditional diagnostic labels based on individual psychopathology do not provide an understanding of family dysfunctions but rather tend to pathologize people. The goals of family therapy are to change maladaptive or dysfunctional family patterns and/or to help people build alternative views about themselves to find new possibilities for the future Murray Bowen, a family therapist, focused on how family members could maintain a healthy balance between being enmeshed (overly involved in each other’s lives) and being disengaged (too much detachment from each other). Self-differentiation was Bowen’s principal goal of family therapy. He focused on four ways of helping families develop individual identities for each member while maintaining a sense of closeness and togetherness with their families.
Spousal relationships, de-triangulation, emotional systems, and differentiation are emphasized. Bowen paid attention to the spousal relationship and the definition and clarification of the couple’s relationship. He also considered the de-triangulation of self from the family emotional system. Triangulation refers to the practice of two family members bringing a third family member into conflicts. Understanding family emotional systems and how they work is central to Bowen’s theory and he often assumed the role of educator in teaching people about family emotional systems. The nuclear emotional process refers to how the family system operates in a crisis.
The family projection process refers to how parents pass good and bad things on to their children. The multigenerational transmission process refers to how a family passes its good and baggage between generations. In teaching clients about family systems and the intergenerational transmission process, Bowen used genograms and questions to move to intellectual levels. The genogram is a generational map of the family that describes who makes up the family, how they got to be family, when members arrived, what they did, what they valued and when they left the family.
Finally, Bowen would model differentiation to his clients by using “I” statements and taking ownership of his own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Self-differentiation was Bowen’s principal goal of family therapy Structural family therapy also assumes that the individual should be treated within the context of the family system. The overall goal of structural family therapists is to alter the family structure to empower the family to move toward functional ways of conducting or transacting family business and communications. Functional families are characterized by each member’s success in finding the healthy balance between belonging to a family and maintaining a separate identity.
One way to find the balance between family and individual identity is to define and clarify the boundaries that exist between the subsystems. A family may have several subsystems such as a spouse, sibling, and parent-child subsystem. Each subsystem contains its own subject matter that is private and should remain within that subsystem. Boundaries between subsystems range from rigid to diffuse.
Diffuse boundaries can lead to over-enmeshment. Rigid boundaries allow too little interaction between family members, which may result in disengagement. Families who understand and respect differences between healthy and unhealthy subsystem boundaries and rules function successfully. Families who do not understand and respect these differences find themselves in a dysfunctional state of conflict. Salvador Minuchin is considered the founder of structural family therapy as it is practiced today.
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