Order ID | 53563633773 |
Type | Essay |
Writer Level | Masters |
Style | APA |
Sources/References | 4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order | 5-10 Pages |
Paraphrasing And Summarizing Assignment on Wealth and Fertility
The academic skills of paraphrasing and summarising are extremely important in writing. A poorly paraphrased or summarised reference can lead to low marks and even accusations of plagiarism.
Part 1: Paraphrasing
How much do you already know about Paraphrasing? Try to fill in the gaps using the words from the box below.
Paraphrasing means ______________________ the wording and the grammar of a text so that it is significantly _____________________ from the original source; however, without changing the _____________________. When you paraphrase someone’s work you must also remember to acknowledge them by giving a____________________. Effective paraphrasing is a key _____________________skill needed to avoid the risk of ____________________: it demonstrates your understanding of a source.
plagiarism | reference | changing |
meaning | different | academic |
Stages:
Change the structure of the text.
a. Identify the meaning relationships between the words/ideas – e.g. cause/effect, generalisation, contrast. b. Express these relationships in a different way. |
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Check your work.
a. Make sure the meaning is the same. b. Make sure the length is the same. c. Make sure the style is your own. d. Remember to acknowledge other people’s work. |
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Note important ideas in your own words. Find alternative words or synonyms as much as possible, but keep specialised words. | |
Change the grammar of the text: change nouns to verbs, adjectives to adverbs, etc., break up long sentences, combine short sentences. | |
Read and understand the text. | |
Rewrite the main ideas in complete sentences. Combine your notes into a piece of continuous writing. |
Task 2:
Read the text below and evaluate the three paraphrases using some of the ideas from above (for example, is the grammar of the paraphrase significantly different? Has the wording changed significantly? Does it still have the same meaning as the original?).
Which paraphrase is the most successful? Underline the correct answer.
AES Semester 1
AES Semester 1
116
16
The Causes of the Industrial Revolution
Allen (2009) argues that the best explanation for the British location of the industrial revolution is found by studying demand factors. By the early eighteenth-century high wages and cheap energy were both features of the British economy. Consequently, the mechanisation of industry through such inventions as the steam engine and mechanical spinning was profitable because employers were able to economise on labour by spending on coal. At that time, no other country had this particular combination of expensive labour and abundant fuel.
Reason:________________________________________________________________
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Task 3:
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Task 4:
Use the stages and strategies discussed within the lesson to write a paraphrase of the below Paragraph.
Four Wheels Good
The growth of the car industry parallels the development of modern capitalism. It began in France and Germany, but took off in the United States. There, Henry Ford adapted the moving production line from the Chicago meat industry to motor manufacturing, thus inventing mass production. In the 1920s, Alfred Sloan’s management theories helped General Motors to become the world’s dominant car company. After the Second World War the car makers focused on the styling of their products to encourage more frequent model changes. From the 1970s there was criticism of the industry due to the inefficiency of most
vehicles, which used petrol wastefully. At the same time, trades unions became increasingly militant in defence of their members’ jobs. Today, the industry owns some of the most famous brands in the world. However, many car makers are currently threatened by increased
competition and saturated markets.
Paraphrase
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Part 2: Summarising
How much do you already know about Summarising? Try to fill in the gaps using the words from the box below.
A summary is a ____________________ version of a text. It contains the _____________________________ in the text and is written in your own words. It is a mixture of ______________________ a long text to a short text and ________________________ relevant information. A good summary shows that you have __________________________ the text. Also, remember if you summarise someone’s work, you must ________________________ it!
understood | acknowledge | main points |
reducing | shortened | selecting |
Stages:
Find the main ideas within the relevant sections:
a. They may be found in topic sentences. b. Distinguish between main and subsidiary information. c. Delete most details and examples, unimportant information, anecdotes, examples, illustrations, data etc. |
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Check your work.
a. Make sure your purpose is clear. b. Make sure the meaning is the same. c. Make sure the style is your own. d. Remember to acknowledge other people’s work. |
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Read and understand the text carefully. | |
Paraphrase the relevant parts of the text (see steps 1-6 of paraphrasing above). | |
Select the relevant information. | |
Compare the purpose of the text with your purpose for reading it:
a. Ask what the author’s purpose is in writing the text? b. What is your purpose in writing your summary? |
Task 2:
Read the text below and evaluate the three summaries using some of the ideas from
above (for example, has the relevant information been used? Have the relevant parts been paraphrased?) Which summary is the most successful? Underline the correct answer.
Task 3:
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d)
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Task 4:
Use the stages and strategies discussed within the lesson to write a summary of the below Paragraph.
Wealth and Fertility
For most of the past century an inverse correlation between human fertility and economic development has been found. This means that as a country got richer, the average number of children born to each woman got smaller. While in the poorest countries women often have eight children, the rate fell as low as 1.3 in some European countries such as Italy, which is below the replacement rate.
Such a low rate has two likely negative consequences: the population will fall in the long term, and a growing number of old people will have to be supported by a shrinking number of young. But a recent study by researchers from Pennsylvania University suggests that this pattern may be changing.
They related countries’ fertility rates to their human development index (HDD, a figure with a maximum value of 1.0, which assesses life expectancy, average income and education level. Over 20 countries now have an HDI of more than 0.9, and in a majority of these the fertility rate has started to increase, and in some is approaching two children per woman. Although there are exceptions such as Japan, it appears that ever higher levels of wealth and education eventually translate into a desire for more children.
Summary
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Note-Taking in Lectures and Summarising from Lectures
Note Taking Strategies
There are three common note taking strategies a student can use to listen and take notes more effectively.
Strategy 1 – Note Taking Patterns/Systems
Try to identify the three sets of notes taking systems below:
Strategy 2 – Abbreviations
Task 1
You can abbreviate any word you choose, but do make sure you can understand what it stands for otherwise you will not be able to interpret your notes at a later date!
Strategy 3 – Symbols
Task 2
Listening Practice – main ideas and supporting detail
Pre-listening
Task 3
1a. Look at the list of words 1-19. Match them with their definitions a-i.
1b. Look back at the words above. What do you think is the main theme of the talk we are going to listen to?
Listening for main ideas and supporting detail
Task 1
1a.You are going to listen to a short talk by an American politician called Bernie Sanders. Follow the link here or click on the link on the VLE. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fASKn1FkByU – only up to 6.03mins)
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1b. Look back at the answers to the questions above. Which information would you consider to be a main idea? Which information would you consider to be specific? Why?
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Paraphrasing And Summarizing Assignment on Wealth and Fertility