History of Life Amniotes Temporal Fenestrae Anapsids
Order ID |
53563633773 |
Type |
Essay |
Writer Level |
Masters |
Style |
APA |
Sources/References |
4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order |
5-10 Pages |
Description/Paper Instructions
History of Life Amniotes Temporal Fenestrae Anapsids
QUESTION 1
Amniotes
Amniotes are a group of tetrapod’s that have a terrestrially adapted egg. Amniote embryos, whether laid as eggs or carried by the female, are protected and aided by several extensive membranes. In eutherian mammals (such as humans), these membranes include the amniotic sac that surrounds the fetus. These embryonic membranes, and the lack of a larval stage, distinguish amniotes from tetrapod amphibians.
There are three main groups of amniotes that you learned about during lecture. They are defined by the number of holes, or openings, in the skull near the temple associated with jaw muscles. Keep in mind that these holes are in addition to the skull openings that accommodate the eye socket and nostrils (see the diagrams to the right below). Remember these terms:
Anapsids – amniotes whose skulls do not have any additional holes beyond the eye sockets. Examples include turtles and the earliest (and now extinct) reptiles.
Synapsids – amniotes whose skulls have one temporal fenestra, an opening low in the skull roof behind each eye, leaving a bony arch beneath each. Examples: mammals and therapsids.
Diapsids – amniotes whose skulls have two temporal fenestrae. Examples: reptiles, dinosaurs, birds.
What is the advantage of having temporal fenestrae (extra holes in the temple area of the skull)? Why might so many vertebrate groups have “bothered” to make this adaptation?
QUESTION 2
Examine the skull: https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/sea-turtle-skull-4895b20e2f644b7eb1897ec61cc1d8ff
What type of amniote was this animal? [A]
1 points
QUESTION 3
What about these skulls: https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/vertebrate-merycoidodon-culbertsoni-pri-50653-e2e8d9bb62804de79f7a71c68feb6523
https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/ursus-spelaeus-cave-bear-lower-jaw-pri-50009-f8f81494d773464eb4af4c863a212ab9
What type of ammniotes are these? [A]
1 points
QUESTION 4
Focus on the teeth from the skulls in the previous questions. Do their teeth vary in size, shape, and function, or are they all about the same? How does this help you answer the question from above?
2 points
QUESTION 5
Dinosaurs, as you know, are diapsids. Do the teeth of the T. rex vary much in shape? Or do they all appear to be the same “style” of tooth, with presumably the same function?
https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/vertebrate-tyrannosaurus-rex-skull-mote-cf48487de55d454b8adc92dce2840a0d
1 points
QUESTION 6
What special feature does this tooth possess along the outer edge? [A]
https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/vertebrate-t-rex-tooth-pri-55205-353154e076364f6db8fd2b053f72be3f
1 points
QUESTION 7
Based on the T-Rex tooth from above, please answer these questions:
What purpose would that feature serve? For example, would this tooth be best suited for chewing tough meat? For stabbing prey and puncturing flesh? For tearing and slicing flesh? For slashing skin? What specific function do you think this special feature would serve?
2 points
QUESTION 8
Heaps of polished stones have been found in association with herbivorous dinosaur remains. What are they called, and what are their function?
https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/gastrolith-2c48a868eda143098b02182b5599dddf
2 points
QUESTION 9
Footprints can yield a great deal of information about the animal that produced it. In your group, list three types of clues that footprints can provide.
3 points
QUESTION 10
Dinosaur speed: Dinosaur trackways are found all over the world and scientists have actually learned to estimate how fast the Dinosaur was moving based on a few simple measurements and calculations. By observing how modern animals move we can actually determine simple relationships between the size of a foot and the length of a given stride and use them to determine how fast the Dinosaur was moving when it left the footprints! Follow the steps below to calculate the actual speed of a Velociraptor based on actual data from fossil trackways. All measurements should initially be in METERS and should be calculated to 2 decimal places. (Edited from: Over, D. J., 1995, Determining dinosaur speed. Journal of Geological Education, v. 43, p. 207-211)
The foot length of the Velociraptor is 0.25m and the stride length is 2.72m.
We know that the length of most dinosaur feet is approximately ¼ the length of the entire leg. Use this information to determine the leg length of the velociraptor.
1 points
QUESTION 11
Thinking about how long your leg is relative to your total height and how long other animals legs are relative to their total height, estimate the how tall you think the Velociraptor might have been?
1 points
QUESTION 12
Now we must come up with a way to compare all animals regardless of size, to do this we calculate relative stride length, which is equal to the stride length divided by leg length. Calculate the relative stride length.
1 points
QUESTION 13
Based on relationships between relative stride length and speed in modern amniotes scientists have developed an equation for a metric called dimensionless speed that will help us calculate absolute speed. Use the equation below to calculate the dimensionless speed.
D.S. = (R.S.L. – 1)/1.1
1 points
QUESTION 14
Now that you know the dimensionless speed you are ready to calculate the actual speed! Use the equation below to calculate the actual speed in meters/second ( g = acceleration due to gravity or 9.81 m/s2 ).
Speed (m/s) = (leg length x g)^(.5) x D.S.
1 points
QUESTION 15
Now convert the value you found in the question above to miles per hour to find out fast the dinosaur was moving!
1 points
QUESTION 16
1.For the next 3 questions you will be using this website: https://dinosaurpictures.org/#
Find a dinosaur from the Triassic period and answer these questions about it:
- Where on Earth today have fossils been found?
- How old are the found fossils?
- Describe what the dinosaur looks like.
- Include a fun fact about the dinosaur.
3 points
QUESTION 17
For the next 3 questions you will be using this website: https://dinosaurpictures.org/#
Find a dinosaur from the Jurrassic period and answer these questions about it:
- Where on Earth today have fossils been found?
- How old are the found fossils?
- Describe what the dinosaur looks like.
- Include a fun fact about the dinosaur.
3 points
QUESTION 18
For the next 3 questions you will be using this website: https://dinosaurpictures.org/#
Find a dinosaur from the Cretacous period and answer these questions about it:
- Where on Earth today have fossils been found?
- How old are the found fossils?
- Describe what the dinosaur looks like.
- Include a fun fact about the dinosaur.
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE |
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POOR / UNSATISFACTORY |
SATISFACTORY |
GOOD |
EXCELLENT |
Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. |
30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. |
40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. |
50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. |
Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). |
Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. |
5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. |
10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. |
15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. |
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. |
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors |
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors |
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. |
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. |
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. |
5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper |
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. |
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. |
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