Order ID 535JTHJTHTHJT555T Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
Ethic
A)History of Ethics – When we think of philosophers, ethicists, names such as Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Aquinas, Kant, Rawls come to mind. In other words, men. With rare exceptions (redundant, I know – just making a point), ethics history is rife with male authors. It would follow that if men are doing about 99% of the writing, who’s doing the reading? And the teaching? Hmmm – probably men? Presumably, the history may be charted by the following:1 – the starting point – the isolated individual, how individuals should treat one another, an ethics of strangers, at war with one another, but needing some direction.
2 – the social contract theory – how isolated individuals entered into moral relationships, moving from autonomous moral agents into a harmonious existence with one another. For a good example of how entrenched a perspective had become, Google Rousseau’s educational tract “Emile” (1762), and see how much has not changed. Given that, the resulting philosophical underpinnings we have are:
3 – impartiality and universality – Kant – the ideal rational moral agent acts on maxims that can be universalized; the utilitarian works as the ideal impartial calculator. And life grows and interweaves itself among those markers.
But what if it were possible to cast a different light upon this course of life?
1 – the starting point – the mother/child combination instead of the isolated individual. A kind of connectedness instead of a stranger with the associated ramifications [Carolyn Whitbeck].
2 – a building of trust, as distinct from a contractual idea [Annette Baier].
3 – the resulting reliance on relationship instead of impartiality and universality [Carol Gilligan]. Is Lioi advocating the overthrow of all previous ethical work? Of course not. Just add this to it. Another overlay. Another light with which to view the moral life.
B)Ethics of Care – as a gathering response to the male-oriented history of ethics, Carol Gilligan (1982) published “In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development.” Ok, so it wasn’t about ethics as such, but it did shine a different light on a whole bunch of areas: philosophy, religion, clinical psychology, political science, literature, art criticism. Women began finding their voice in every field. The metaphor of voice became the symbol, the marker, the focal point. Voice over theory became the perspective. Voice was potentially more capable of integrating differences harmoniously. There’s no individuality in theory. In voice we have tone, texture. Voice combines both emotion and content – how as well as what is said. Voice is not true or false, but strong or weak, lilting or deep, hesitant or confident. Voices may be different without excluding one another, as in singers in a chorus.
Another way of appreciating the theory-voice transformation is using the “Heinz Dilemma:” Heinz’s wife is critically ill with a rare form of cancer. The only druggist who has a possible cure is charging an outrageous amount of money which Heinz just doesn’t have. The ‘traditional’ question posed is: should Heinz steal the drug? Why or why not? The ‘traditional’ expected response was yes or no and a reason. That’s what boys responded (for example, human life is more valuable than property). But when girls were asked, the result was a conversation. The girls asked questions: couldn’t Heinz get a loan? Work out a payment plan? They looked for hidden alternatives. They were offering a different view of moral discourse. Instead of staking a position and reasons, ethical discourse is primarily a conversation, an interchange – leading to the conclusion that morality is primarily about caring.
C)Feminist Moral Theory – begins with the awareness of women’s oppression and argues for corrective policies. Here are four conditions that must be met for an ethical theory to count as Feminist Theory [Alison Jaggar].
1—must be sensitive to gender inequality, never beginning with the assumption that men and women are similarly situated.
2—must understand individual actions within the larger context of broader social practices.
3—must be able to provide guidance to issues traditionally seen as within the private domain, such as personal relationships and family issues.
4—must take the moral experiences of women seriously, though not, of course, uncritically.
It’s clear that issues of gender involve issues of power. Feminist Ethics maintains the importance of relationships but refuses to cooperate with any efforts to confine women within traditional patriarchal power relationships. As philosophers take the moral experiences of women seriously, they begin to see that there are a number of previously neglected moral issues that merit attention. In many cases these can be understood through the application of traditional moral concepts in new contexts. The following is what I refer to as Emergent Issues – practices and occasions that have arisen, but need constant attention:
Distinction between public and private (you’ll notice that much has changed) – private used to mean the realm of women, children, beyond the realm of moral protection: childrearing responsibility, incest, child abuse, domestic violence – experienced by the powerless.
Justice and family issues – [Justice, Gender and the Family” by Susan Moller Okin] – just distribution of responsibilities, equal opportunity in the workplace, employment history.
Violence and powerlessness – psychological and physical. Seeing the world in terms of relationships makes evil the destruction of relationships.Sexism – stereotyping women and devaluing their moral experience, making women less capable. Somehow embedded in our culture. Consider the word “fuck” – used as a noun, verb, adverb, adjective, exclamation. As a legitimate ancient Anglo-Saxon word which has descended into the category of words to be avoided, it’s now used to shock – and even that is lessening. But behind its almost inadvertent use today is the disturbing picture of sexual intercourse as a hurtful activity that men inflict upon women.
Sexual harassment – seeking to extract sexual ‘favors’, using threats for compliance.
Pornography – reinforces sexist attitudes, but feminist philosophers are committed to free speech; feminists agree that porn is offensive; some [Catherine MacKinnon] maintain that porn is action, therefore should not shielded by free speech laws.
Feminization of poverty – poverty as a condition that women are more likely to encounter than men. Equal pay for equal work? Equal pay for comparable work? Distribution of pension after divorce?
Final Comments: We all live in the same world. Women’s moral voices spur reassessing traditional moral theory, expanding our stock of fundamental concepts. Feminist moral theory opens up the possibility of a richer, more diverse moral conversation.Assignment:
Watch the movie “North Country” (note instances of emergent issues)
Essay: take three emergent issues from this Module 12 posting and link them to specific scenes from the film using the language and graphic representation of the film. An “A” paper will include them; avoidance of these terms and pictures glosses over the impact that they have in the real life of real people.
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. 50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors 10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors 15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. 20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. 5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper 7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. 10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. GET THIS PROJECT NOW BY CLICKING ON THIS LINK TO PLACE THE ORDER
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