HIST 3125 SPORT AND SOCIETY IN ANCIENT GREECE FINAL EXAM
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Type | Essay | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Writer Level | Masters | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Style | APA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Language | English | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description/Paper Instructions HIST 3125: SPORT AND SOCIETY IN ANCIENT GREECE FINAL EXAM Start Date and Time: 5 April 2020, 9 a.m. End Date and Time: 13 April 2020, 11:59 p.m. (Toronto time) Weight: 35% Answers are to be submitted via Turnitin. Answers should be typed, in Times New Roman 12-point font, and double spaced. Answers should be edited for spelling and grammar. Please provide a word count for each answer. GENERAL TIPS:
PART A: TERMS (4 X 5% = 20%) Identify and give the significance of FOUR (4) of the following terms. Each answer MUST make specific reference to at least two (2) ancient sources. Each answer must focus on the term’s relationship to sport and athletic competition. The terms should be considered in the context of the entire course. Suggested length: 150-250 words per term.
PART B: SOURCE ANALYSIS (2 X 25% = 50%) HIST 3125 SPORT AND SOCIETY IN ANCIENT GREECE FINAL EXAM Answer TWO (2) of the following questions. You MUST choose one source from both sections I (visual evidence) and II (textual evidence). For BOTH SECTIONS your answer should show awareness of issues of genre, authorship (if known), chronology, and geography. Make sure your response answers the guiding question, is closely focused on the ancient source, and is organized into coherent paragraphs. Suggested length: 300-450 words per source analysis.
SECTION I: Choose ONE (1) of the following images and write a well-organized response answering the following question: What contributions does this source make to our understanding of Greek sport? For b, c, and d, your answer MUST demonstrate knowledge of the artifact as a whole and not just its athletic imagery. a) Archaeological plan of the palaistra at Olympia HIST 3125 SPORT AND SOCIETY IN ANCIENT GREECE FINAL EXAM Olympia is where the most eminent and main sporting events in the antique world started. The Olympic Games were played here after every 4 years from 776 BC to 393 AD. This place was a significant site of worship devoted to the Greek god known as Zeus during the 10th century BC. In this location there are incredible sculptures which include the decoration of the temple of Zeus, the statue of Nike of Paionios and Hermes of Praxiteles. HIST 3125 SPORT AND SOCIETY IN ANCIENT GREECE FINAL EXAM The Olympic Games which are said to be the most famous and key sporting event in the past paid homage to the finest athletes.
HIST 3125 SPORT AND SOCIETY IN ANCIENT GREECE FINAL EXAM SECTION II: Choose ONE (1) of the following texts (or group of texts) and write a well-organized response answering its guided question.
PRIZES FOR THE WARRIORS For the Victor in the Keles: 16 amphoras of olive oil ($6,336). Second place: 4 amphoras of olive oil ($1,584). For the Victor in the Two-Horse Chariot Race: 30 amphoras of olive oil ($11,880). Second place: 6 amphoras of olive oil ($2,376). For the Victor in the Processional Two-Horse Chariot: 4 amphoras of olive oil ($1,584). HIST 3125 SPORT AND SOCIETY IN ANCIENT GREECE FINAL EXAM Second place: 1 amphora of olive oil ($396). For the Spear Thrower from Horseback: 5 amphoras of olive oil ($1,980). Second place: 1 amphora of olive oil ($396). For the Pyrrhic Dancers in the Boys’ Category: A bull and 100 drachmas ($2,200). For the Pyrrhic Dancers in the Ageneios Category: A bull and 100 drachmas ($2,200). For the Pyrrhic Dancers in the Men’s Category: A bull and 100 drachmas ($2,200). For the Winning Tribe in Euandria: A bull and 100 drachmas ($2,200). For the Winning Tribe in the Lampadephoros: A bull and 100 drachmas ($2,200). For the Individual Victor in the Lampadephoros: A water jar and 30 drachmas. PRIZES FOR THE BOAT RACE For the Winning Tribe: 3 bulls and 300 drachmas ($6,600) and 200 free meals. Second place: 2 bulls and 200 drachmas ($4,400). How does this section of the inscription illuminate the differences between the Greater Panathenaia and other Panhellenic festivals? In your answer, DO NOT refer to the rest of the inscription (which is included in Arete but not reproduced here).
Arete 151a = Pausanias 3.8.1 (ca. A.D. 170) The Spartan king Archidamos had a daughter whose name was Kyniska. She was extremely ambitious to enter the competition at Olympia, and was the first woman to breed horses and the first woman to win an Olympic victory. Other women, especially Lakedaimonian women, won Olympic victories after Kyniska, but none is so famous as she. HIST 3125 SPORT AND SOCIETY IN ANCIENT GREECE FINAL EXAM Arete 151b = IvO 160 (396 B.C.?) A fragmentary circular statue base of black marble found at Olympia has the following inscriptions: (on top): Kings of Sparta were my fathers and brothers. Kyniska, victorious at the chariot race with her swift-footed horses, erected this statue. I assert that I am the only woman in all Greece who won this crown. (on front): Apelleas, son of Kallikles, made it. How does the story of Kyniska add to our understanding of Greek sport? In your answer, you MUST refer to both passages.
The next statue at Olympia is that of Theagenes the son of Timosthenes of Thasos. The Thasians, however, say that Theagenes was not the son of Timosthenes, who was a priest of the Thasian Herakles, but of a phantom of Herakles which, disguised as Timosthenes, had intercourse with Theagenes’ mother. They say that when Theagenes was nine years old, as he was going home from school, the bronze statue of some god which stood in the agora caught his fancy, so he picked up the statue, put it on his shoulders, and carried it home. The citizens were outraged by what he had done, but one of their respected elders convinced them not to kill the boy, but to order him to go home immediately and bring the statue back to the agora. He did this and quickly became famous for his strength as his feat was shouted through the length and breadth of Greece. HIST 3125 SPORT AND SOCIETY IN ANCIENT GREECE FINAL EXAM I have already related the most famous of Theagenes’ achievements at Olympia. It was then for the first time in the records that the pankration was won akoniti; the victor was Dromeus of Mantineia. At the next festival [476 B.C.], Theagenes won the pankration. He also won three times at Delphi in the pyx. His nine victories at Nemea and ten at Isthmia were divided between the pyx and the pankration. At Phthia in Thessaly he ceased training for the pyx and the pankration, but concentrated upon winning fame among the Greeks for his running, and he defeated those who entered in the dolichos. He won a total of 1,400 victories. After he died, one of his enemies came every night to the statue of Theagenes in Thasos, and flogged the bronze image as though he were whipping Theagenes himself. The statue stopped this outrage by falling upon the man, but his sons prosecuted the statue for murder. The Thasians threw the statue into the sea, following the precepts of Drako who, when he wrote the homicide laws for the Athenians, imposed banishment even upon inanimate objects which fell and killed a man. As time went by, however, famine beset the Thasians and they sent envoys to Delphi. Apollo instructed them to recall their exiles. They did so, but there was still no end to the famine. They sent to the Pythia for a second time and said that, although they had followed the instructions, the wrath of the gods still was upon them. The Pythia then responded to them: You do not remember your great Theagenes. The Thasians were then in a quandary, for they could not think how to retrieve the statue of Theagenes. But fishermen, who had set out for fish, happened to catch the statue in their nets and brought it back to land. The Thasians set the statue back up in its original position, and are now accustomed to sacrifice to Theagenes as to a god. I know of many places, both among the Greeks and among the barbarians, where statues of Theagenes have been set up. He is worshipped by the natives as a healing power. How does the story of Theagenes of Thasos help us to understand the relationship between sport and heroes in ancient Greece? You may NOT write on this text if you answer essay question c.
HIST 3125 SPORT AND SOCIETY IN ANCIENT GREECE FINAL EXAM Let us turn to the wrestlers. The proper wrestler should be rather taller than one who is precisely proportioned, but formed like those who are precisely proportioned with a neck which is neither long nor set down into the shoulder. The latter is, to be sure, suitable, but it looks more deformed than athletic, just as among the statues of Herakles, the more pleasing and godlike are those which are noble and without short necks. The neck should, then, be upright like that of a horse which is beautiful and knows it, and the throat should come down to the collarbone on either side. The shoulders should be drawn together and the tops of the shoulders should stand up straight; this contributes size to the wrestler and a noble appearance and strength and a greater wrestling ability. Such shoulders are good guards when the neck is bent and twisted by wrestling, for they give the head a firm base which extends all the way from the arms. A well-marked arm is good for wrestling. What I call a well-marked arm is the following: broad veins begin from the neck, one on each side of the throat, and travel across the shoulders to descend into the hands, and are prominent on the upper arms and forearms. Those who have these veins close to the surface and more visible than usual derive no strength from them, and the veins themselves look ugly like varicose veins. Those who have veins which are deep and slightly swelling appear to have a delicate and distinct spirit in their arms. Such veins make the arms of an aging man grow younger, while in a young man they reveal potential and promise in wrestling. The better chest is prominent and protruding, for the organs are situated in it as if in a stout and well-shaped room, and the organs are excellent, strong, healthy, and showing spirit at the appropriate time. But the moderately protruding chest is also beautiful, if it has been hardened with ridges all around, for it is strong and vigorous and, even though it is not the best for wrestling, it is better than the other kind of chest. I hold that hollow sunken chests ought not to be seen, much less be exercised, for they suffer from stomach cramps, poor organs, and short wind. The lower abdomen should be drawn in—this is a useless burden to the wrestler—and it should rest upon thighs which are not hollow, but well rounded. Such thighs press together and are adequate for everything in wrestling, and pressed together they give pain rather than receive it. HIST 3125 SPORT AND SOCIETY IN ANCIENT GREECE FINAL EXAM The straight back is beautiful, but the slightly curved is more athletic since it is better adapted to the bent and forward-leaning posture of wrestling. The back should not be distinguished by a hollow backbone, for this will be lacking in marrow and the vertebrae can be twisted and compressed by wrestling, and can even slip inward; but this is my opinion rather than established fact. The hip joint, since it serves as the pivot for the parts of the body both above and below it, must be supple, well turned, and easy to rotate. This is affected by the length of the hip and by its extraordinary fleshiness. The part of the leg under the hip should not be either too smooth or too fleshy, for the former is a sign of weakness, the latter of a lack of exercise. Rather, it should protrude markedly and in a way suitable for a wrestler. Sides which are flexible and which also lift up the chest are adequate for both offensive and defensive wrestling. Men with such sides who are beneath their opponents are difficult to subdue, and they are no easy burden when on top of their opponents. Narrow buttocks are weak, fat ones slow, but well-formed buttocks are an asset for everything. A solid thigh turned outwards combines strength with beauty, and it gives good support which is even better if the lower legs are not bowed, for the thigh then rests upon a straight knee. Ankles which are not straight but slant inward overthrow the whole body just as crooked bases tip columns over. How does this passage illustrate the tension between the idealized Greek male body and the most effective physique for an athlete?
I am no sculptor who carves statues doomed to stand on their bases. I send forth on every merchant ship, on every mail boat, my sweet song to speed from Aigina and announce that stalwart Pytheas son of Lampon has won the crown for the pankration at the Nemean Games. And he still a lad showing on his cheeks a summer tan, a delicate sign of youthful bloom. How does this passage add to our understanding of the importance of commemorating athletic victories? You may NOT write on this text if you answer essay question b HIST 3125 SPORT AND SOCIETY IN ANCIENT GREECE FINAL EXAM PART C: ESSAY (1 X 30%) Answer ONE (1) of the following questions. You must make reference to specific ancient sources in your answer. You can use modern scholarship, but you are not required to do so. The argument must be based on the ancient sources. Suggested length: 450-700 words.
[END OF EXAM] HIST 3125 SPORT AND SOCIETY IN ANCIENT GREECE FINAL EXAM |
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