Ethical Issue of Concern in Stanley Milgram’s Experiment
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Ethical Issue of Concern in Stanley Milgram’s Experiment
Explain the main ethical issue of concern in each of the following. Discuss what, if anything, should have been done differently to address that concern.
Example 1, Stanley Milgram’s experiment.
EXAMPLE 1
Stanley Milgram’s “Obedience and Individual Responsibility” Experiment Social psychologist Stanley Milgram was interested in the extent to which ordinary citizens would obey an authority figure, even if it meant injuring another human being. Through newspaper ads offering people money to participate in an experiment on learning, he recruited people in the area surrounding Yale University, where he was a member of the faculty. When participants arrived, they were greeted by an authoritative researcher in a white coat, and introduced to another person who they were told was a participant like them but who was actually an actor.
Lots were drawn to see who would be the “teacher” and who would be the “student,” but in fact it had been predetermined that the actor would be the “student” and the local citizen would be the “teacher.” The student/actor was placed in a chair with restricted movement and hooked up to what was alleged to be an electrode that administered an electric shock. The teacher conducted a memory task with the student and was instructed to administer a shock when the student missed an answer. The shocking mechanism was shown to start at 15 volts and increase in intensity with each wrong answer, up to 450 volts.
When the alleged voltage reached 375, it was labeled as “Danger/Severe” and when it reached 435 it was labeled “XXX.” The experimenter sat at a nearby table, encouraging the teacher to continue to administer the shocks. The student/actor would respond with visible and increasing distress. The teacher was told that the experimenter would take responsibility for any harm that came to the student. The disturbing outcome of the experiment was that 65% of the participants continued to administer the alleged shocks up to the full intensity, even though many of them were quite distressed and nervous about doing so. Even at “very strong” intensity, 80% of the participants were still administering the electric shocks. (Sources: http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Anthro/Anth101/stanley_milgram_experiment.htm and Milgram (1983).) This experiment would be considered unethical today because of the stress it caused the participants. Based on this and similar experiments, the American Psychological Association continues to update its Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct.
The latest version as of January 2004 can be found at http://www.apa.org/ethics/code2002.html. One of the sections of the code is called “Deception in Research” and includes three instructions (http://www.apa.org/ethics/ code2002.html#8_07); Milgram’s experiment would most likely fail the criterion in part (b): (a) Psychologists do not conduct a study involving deception unless they have determined that the use of deceptive techniques is justified by the study’s significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and that effective nondeceptive alternative procedures are not feasible. (b) Psychologists do not deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress. (c) Psychologists explain any deception that is an integral feature of the design and conduct of an experiment to participants as early as is feasible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later than at the conclusion of the data collection, and permit participants to withdraw their data.
Informed Consent Virtually all experiments with human participants require that the researchers obtain the informed consent of the participants. In other words, participants are to be told what the research is about and given an opportunity to make an informed choice about whether to participate. If you were a potential participant in a research study, what would you want to know in advance to make an informed choice about participation? Because of such issues as the need for a control group and the use of double-blinding, it is often the case that participants cannot be told everything in advance.
For instance, it would be antithetical to good experimental procedure to tell participants in advance if they were taking a drug or a placebo, or to tell them if they were in the treatment group or control group. Instead, the use of multiple groups is explained and participants are told that they will be randomly assigned to a group but will not know what it is until the conclusion of the experiment. The information provided in this process is slightly different in research such as psychology experiments than it is in medical research. In both cases, participants are supposed to be told the nature and purpose of the research and any risks or benefits. In medical research the participants generally are suffering from a disease or illness, and an additional requirement is that they be informed about alternative treatments. Of course, it is unethical to withhold a treatment known to work.
In section 8.02 of its code of ethics, the American Psychological Association provides these guidelines for informed consent in experiments in psychology (http://www.apa.org/ethics/code2002.html#8_02): (a) When obtaining informed consent as required in Standard 3.10, Informed Consent, psychologists inform participants about (1) the purpose of the research, expected duration, and procedures; (2) their right to decline to participate and to withdraw from the research once participation has begun; (3) the foreseeable consequences of declining or withdrawing; (4) reasonably foreseeable factors that may be expected to influence their willingness to participate such as potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects; (5) any prospective research benefits; (6) limits of confidentiality; (7) incentives for participation; and (8) whom to contact for questions about the research and research participants’ rights. They provide opportunity for the prospective participants to ask questions and receive answers. (b) Psychologists conducting intervention research involving the use of experimental treatments clarify to participants at the outset of the research (1) the experimental nature of the treatment; (2) the services that will or will not be available to the control group(s) if appropriate; (3) the means by which assignment to treatment and control groups will be made; (4) available treatment alternatives if an individual does not wish to participate in the research or wishes to withdraw once a study has begun; and (5) compensation for or monetary costs of participating including, if appropriate, whether reimbursement from the participant or a third-party payor will be sought.
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