Drug Addiction and the Inheritance of Genes
Order ID |
53563633773 |
Type |
Essay |
Writer Level |
Masters |
Style |
APA |
Sources/References |
4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order |
5-10 Pages |
Description/Paper Instructions
Drug Addiction and the Inheritance of Genes: What You Need to Know
Drug addiction is a complex disease that affects millions of people around the world. It is characterized by a strong craving for drugs, an inability to control drug use, and continued drug use despite harmful consequences. Addiction is a multifactorial disorder, meaning that it is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors.
Genetic factors play an important role in the development of drug addiction. Research has shown that genetic factors account for up to 60% of the risk for addiction. This is because genes control the way the brain responds to drugs, as well as how the body metabolizes drugs. Certain genetic variations can make a person more susceptible to addiction, while others may protect against addiction.
One of the most well-known genes associated with addiction is the DRD2 gene, which encodes the dopamine D2 receptor. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in the reward pathway of the brain. Drugs of abuse, such as cocaine and opioids, increase the release of dopamine in the brain, leading to feelings of pleasure and euphoria. However, over time, drug use can cause changes in the brain that reduce the sensitivity of dopamine receptors, leading to a decreased ability to experience pleasure from natural rewards like food and social interaction. This can contribute to the compulsive drug use seen in addiction.
Variations in the DRD2 gene have been associated with an increased risk of addiction. Specifically, individuals with the A1 allele of the DRD2 gene have been shown to have a higher risk for addiction. The A1 allele is associated with fewer dopamine receptors, which may contribute to the reduced sensitivity to natural rewards seen in addiction.
Another gene that has been implicated in addiction is the COMT gene, which encodes the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase. This enzyme is involved in the metabolism of dopamine and other neurotransmitters. Variations in the COMT gene have been associated with differences in dopamine levels in the brain, which can affect the risk for addiction.
In addition to the DRD2 and COMT genes, several other genes have been identified that may contribute to the risk for addiction. These include genes involved in the stress response, such as the CRH gene, and genes involved in the immune response, such as the OPRM1 gene. However, it is important to note that no single gene is responsible for addiction. Rather, addiction is a complex disorder that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.
While genetic factors play an important role in addiction, they are not the only factors. Environmental factors, such as stress, trauma, and social influences, also play a significant role in the development of addiction. In fact, environmental factors may be more important than genetic factors in some cases.
Environmental factors can influence addiction by altering the expression of genes. This is known as epigenetic modification. Epigenetic modifications can occur in response to environmental factors, such as stress or drug use, and can affect gene expression in a way that increases the risk for addiction.
For example, research has shown that exposure to stress can cause epigenetic changes in the CRH gene, leading to an increased risk for addiction. Similarly, exposure to drugs can cause epigenetic changes in genes involved in the reward pathway of the brain, leading to an increased risk for addiction.
Overall, addiction is a complex disorder that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. While genetic factors play an important role in addiction, they are not the only factors. Environmental factors, such as stress, trauma, and social influences, also play a significant role. It is important to understand the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in order to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies for addiction.
Drug Addiction and the Inheritance of Genes
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE |
NO RESPONSE |
POOR / UNSATISFACTORY |
SATISFACTORY |
GOOD |
EXCELLENT |
Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. |
30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. |
40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. |
50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. |
Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). |
Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. |
5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. |
10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. |
15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. |
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. |
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors |
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors |
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. |
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. |
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. |
5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper |
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. |
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. |
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