Order ID 53563633773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
COMPUTERIZED DECISION MAKING
Week 6 Assignment
Kevin Dennison
ID: 0165853
MG 630: Organizational Behaviour and Leadership in the 21st Century
Michael A. Altamirano
18/10/2014
Abstract
The case study evaluates computer assisted decision support in the context of contemporary research on decisional thinking, outlines the potential that computers have for overcoming known limitations in this thinking and the problems that occur when some aspects of thinking are overlooked. With the advent of technology, computers can now make many well-informed decisions that managers or office workers may deem unnecessary for a human to make. These decisions may include crunching profit numbers to determine future layoffs or gauging whether certain global offices should remain open or not. If you are evaluating whether computerized decision making is right for your organization, there are advantages and disadvantages to implementing the technology into your corporate strategy.
Computerized Decision Making
Decision Making is a vital activity; it determines the actions that people take and the appropriateness of these actions is important for both individuals and organisations. While human brains can contain a high level of information to use in making a decision, a computer’s “brain” can contain even more data and information, depending on the storage space it is connected to. With a higher capacity for more data, especially data that a human brain might not retain, such as complex equations, more information can be incorporated into the “brain” or algorithm of the computer in its decision making, leading to better results.
Computers can process information much faster than a human brain. One advantage to computers making decisions is that you will have decisions made faster and more accurately than a human brain, which may get hung up with different factors involving the decision, leading to slower overall results. Also, unlike people who can become tired or suffer from a lack of concentration and deliver inaccurate decisions, a well-tuned computer is always alert and can process reams of information without growing bored or tired, leading to more precise results.
Case Incident 1 Computerised Decision Making
Q-1 what are the specific advantages of using computerized decision making? How can computer be better decision makers than humans?
Advantages of computer decision making are Faster and efficient in processing of information, Automatic generation of accounting documents like invoices, cheques and statement of account. With the larger reductions in the cost of hardware and software and availability of user-friendly accounting software package, it is relatively cheaper like maintaining a manual accounting system. More timely information can be produced. No more manual processing of the data- all automatically been posted to the various ledgers/accounts and Many types of useful reports can be generated for management to make decisions.
Limitations in memory are the crucial aspect of human cognition that impinges on decision making. People were severely limited in terms of the amount of information they could process at any particular moment in time. Given that limited capacity processing is seen as a primary constraint some have argued that computers should be used to support decision making, since they can provide the extra computational power needed to retain all the information about every available alternative and to undertake the complex calculations that underpin the rational model. , computers can acquire and hold more information about a particular decision domain than. In addition, computers recall precisely what they store in terms of both the data themselves and their format so are not subject to the human memory.
Q-2 what are the weakness of using computer as decision tools? Are computer likely to have any specific problem in making decision that people wouldn’t have?
The cost of computer and associated equipment’s is falling steadily. Still this equipment’s are and continue to be much more costly as compared to manual processing equipment’s. Also technological complexity of this equipment makes it more difficult to learn and maintain these equipment’s as compared to equipment’s of manual information processing. Use of computers require additional infrastructure, such as power supply and software back up. This increases the chances of problems due to failure of infrastructure. For example, a computer will not work where there is no electric power supply. Even a laptop with a battery will work without power supply only for a limited period. Failures of computer system can be more serious and difficult to correct. For example, one scratch on a hard disk can make the complete data on the disk inaccessible. In comparison, manual system faults have comparatively limited impact. One page torn from a cabinet full of documents has no impact on other documents. A computer generally reduces the errors of processing. However if there is an error in input data, it can result in major blunders in the processing which the computer system is unable to detect. In manual systems the chances of such blunders passing undetected and corrected is much less.
Q-3 Do you think computer decision making system can effectively take ethical issue into account? What is the role of human decision makers in creating Ethical choice?
Ethical decision-making is a very important part of the business environment because often a situation may come along. Computer ethics deals with the issues that relate to the moral implications of the way decisions are being made in regarding to the computer domain. It also refers to the morality of the computer professionals, and their usage to computers
Human decision makers in creating Ethical decision making deals with preferences, utilities, costs, benefits, goals, and objectives. One must take all of these into account in order to define the problem and determined the desired end result. Basically, it is “the process of identifying a problem, generating alternatives, and choosing among them so that the alternatives selected maximized the most important ethical values while also achieving the intended goal”
Q-4 Are there advantages to completely disconnecting from the wired world when possible? What can you do to try to retain your ability to focus and process information deeply?
In many ways, it is. Computers, smart phones and other digital devices perform countless wonderful tasks for us, and have enormous potential to enrich our lives in the decades to come. Without depth, everything we do suffers – from the smallest everyday task, to the personal relationships that matter most to us, to how we think and work. In technologically advanced societies around the world, workers now sit at their desks all day shuttling computer. This endless cycle of distractions is making businesses, governments and other organisations less, rather than more, efficient – defeating the purpose the technologies were created for in the first place
General Discussion
The full potential of computer-based decision support can only be realised if it is developed and evaluated in the context of a broad understanding of how decision makers think. While limits in information processing can be overcome by drawing on the computational power of computers, there is also a need to recognise that: there are occasions when simple rather than complex rules are appropriate; beliefs and values are constructed during the process of deliberation making them highly sensitive to the interfaces supporting this process; intuitive thinking provides important insights and should be used alongside the outputs of formal computer modelling to evolve a requisite decision model; the support mechanism should complement existing forms of decisional thinking, particularly if these are known to be functional. Similarly limitations in memory can be very usefully overcome by computer support, but these must be developed to ensure that they do not exacerbate other thinking biases such as confirmation and inside thinking. This may be achieved through training decision makers to think smarter, the use of decision analysts or through the development of appropriate interfaces between computer and decision maker.
References
books.google. (2014, 10 18). books.google. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=55WMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=case+incident+1+computerized+decision+making&source=bl&ots=0ED4s1sEzu&sig=EJhefwzq0ueXv9SkScgrn4OW3u8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8whDVPyCHaKCsQTY8oCACQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=case%20incident%201%
chron. (2014, 10 18). chron. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-using-computer-technology-decision-making-14639.html
digital. (2014, 10 18). digitalcommons. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=buroscomputerdecision
dssresourses. (2014). dssresourses. Retrieved from http://dssresources.com/faq/index.php?action=artikel&id=130
smallbusiness. (2014, 10 18). smallbusiness. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-using-computer-technology-decision-making-14639.html
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. 50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors 10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors 15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. 20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. 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