Commonly Used Statistics for Categorical and Continuous Variables
Order ID |
53563633773 |
Type |
Essay |
Writer Level |
Masters |
Style |
APA |
Sources/References |
4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order |
5-10 Pages |
Description/Paper Instructions
Commonly Used Statistics for Categorical and Continuous Variables
Case Assignment
Using the materials in the module homepage and in the background section, please address the following:
- Define and describe commonly used statistics for categorical and continuous variables to test for a statistically significant difference between two-samples or measures (e.g., chi-square, t-tests, binomial proportions, etc.). (1 page)
- What is the difference between the one-sample t-test, the two-sample t-test, and the paired-sample t-test? (1 page)
- Describe a type of study for each of these three types of t-tests, as well as the variable that is analyzed with each of the three forms of the t-test. (1 page)
Assignment Expectations
Length: Case Assignment should be at least 3 pages (750 words) in length.
References: At least two references from academic sources must be included (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles). You may use any required readings from this module for your two references. Quoted material should not exceed 10% of the total paper (since the focus of these assignments is critical thinking). Use your own words and build on the ideas of others. When material is copied verbatim from external sources, it MUST be enclosed in quotes. The references should be cited within the text and listed at the end of the assignment in the References section (APA formatting recommended).
Organization: Subheadings should be used to organize your paper according to each question.
Format: APA formatting is recommended for this assignment. See Syllabus page for more information on APA formatting.
Grammar and Spelling: While no points are deducted for minor errors, assignments are expected to adhere to standard guidelines of grammar, spelling, punctuation, and syntax. Points may be deducted if grammar and spelling impact clarity.
Your assignment will not be graded until you have submitted an Originality Report with a Similarity Index (SI) score <20% (excluding direct quotes, quoted assignment instructions, and references). Papers not meeting this requirement by the end of the session will receive a score of 0 (grade of F). Do keep in mind that papers with a lower SI score may be returned for revisions. For example, if one paragraph accounting for only 10% of a paper is cut and pasted, the paper could be returned for revision, despite the low SI score. Please use the report and your SI score as a guide to improve the originality of your work.
The following items will be assessed in particular:
- Achievement of learning outcomes for Case Assignment.
- Relevance: all content is connected to the question.
- Precision: specific question is addressed; statements, facts, and statistics are specific and accurate.
- Depth of discussion: points that lead to deeper issues are presented and integrated.
- Breadth: multiple perspectives, references, and issues/factors are considered.
- Evidence: points are well supported with facts, statistics, and references.
- Logic: presented discussion makes sense; conclusions are logically supported by premises, statements, or factual information.
- Clarity: writing is concise, understandable, and contains sufficient detail or examples.
- Objectivity: use of first person and subjective bias are avoided.
Module 2 – Home
One- and Two-Sample Tests
Modular Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to satisfy the following outcomes:
- Case
- Discuss one-sample and two-sample tests used routinely to analyze categorical and continuous variables in a study.
- Distinguish the three types of t-tests.
- SLP
- Analyze chi-square and t-tests for categorical and continuous variables from a data set.
- Examine chi-square and t-test results in an appropriate table.
- Discussion
- Discuss how bias may affect how data are presented and interpreted.
Module Overview
The appropriate statistical test depends on the variable. Univariate analysis looks at whether there are statistically significant differences for one variable in a study population (e.g., gender, age, race, etc.) by outcome or disease status (e.g., are there more men with diabetes versus women, etc.). Multivariate analysis looks at how more than one variable might vary by outcome or disease status in combination (e.g., a regression model). In this module, the univariate methods will be examined.
Categorical and binary data most commonly use the chi-square test and the test of binomial proportions, respectively. For continuous data, the t-test is most often reported. When comparing the mean of a variable in a study to a known or hypothesized value, the one-sample t-test is used. A paired sample t-test is used to compare before-after values (e.g., BMI before and after an exercise intervention), or other paired data. When comparing two populations, a two-sample t-test is used for statistical analysis.
Required readings for the module will cover different statistical tests so appropriate planning can be done for data collection to answer a research question.
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE |
NO RESPONSE |
POOR / UNSATISFACTORY |
SATISFACTORY |
GOOD |
EXCELLENT |
Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. |
30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. |
40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. |
50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. |
Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). |
Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. |
5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. |
10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. |
15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. |
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. |
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors |
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors |
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. |
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. |
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. |
5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper |
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. |
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. |
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