Clinical Pharmacology
Order ID |
53563633773 |
Type |
Essay |
Writer Level |
Masters |
Style |
APA |
Sources/References |
4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order |
5-10 Pages |
Description/Paper Instructions
Clinical Pharmacology
Clinical pharmacology is the study of drugs and their therapeutic effects in humans. It combines pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutics to improve patient outcomes by optimizing drug therapy. Clinical pharmacologists work with healthcare providers to ensure the safe and effective use of medications.
Key concepts in clinical pharmacology include:
- Absorption: The process by which drugs enter the bloodstream is known as absorption. Factors that can affect absorption include the route of administration, the formulation of the drug, and the patient’s underlying medical conditions. For example, drugs taken orally may be absorbed differently in the small intestine versus the stomach, and some medical conditions like gastric ulcers can affect absorption.
- Distribution: Distribution refers to the movement of drugs throughout the body. Drugs are carried in the bloodstream and can bind to various tissues and organs, including the liver, kidneys, and brain. The distribution of drugs can be affected by factors such as their chemical properties, the patient’s body size, and the presence of other drugs.
- Metabolism: Metabolism refers to the chemical changes that drugs undergo in the body. This process is carried out by enzymes in the liver and other tissues, and can alter the chemical structure of the drug, making it more or less active. Some drugs are also metabolized into inactive compounds that are then eliminated from the body.
- Excretion: Excretion is the removal of drugs and their metabolites from the body. This is typically accomplished by the kidneys, but drugs can also be eliminated through other routes, such as the liver, lungs, and feces. The rate of excretion can be influenced by factors such as the patient’s age, kidney function, and the presence of other drugs.
- Dosage: Dosage refers to the amount of drug given to a patient. The appropriate dose of a drug depends on factors such as the patient’s age, weight, and medical history, as well as the severity of the condition being treated. Too little of a drug may not produce therapeutic effects, while too much can lead to toxicity.
- Route of Administration: The route of administration refers to the way drugs are taken, such as orally, intravenously, subcutaneously, etc. Different routes of administration can affect the rate and extent of drug absorption and distribution. For example, drugs given intravenously are rapidly absorbed and distributed, while those given orally may be absorbed more slowly and to a lesser extent.
- Bioavailability: Bioavailability refers to the amount of drug that reaches the target site in the body. The bioavailability of a drug depends on factors such as the route of administration, the formulation of the drug, and the patient’s underlying medical conditions. For example, drugs taken orally may have lower bioavailability than those given intravenously due to degradation in the gastrointestinal tract.
- Therapeutic Window: The therapeutic window refers to the range of doses that produce therapeutic effects without causing toxicity. This window varies for different drugs and depends on factors such as the patient’s age, weight, and medical history, as well as the severity of the condition being treated. Clinical pharmacologists use this concept to determine the optimal dose for each patient, balancing the need for efficacy with the risk of toxicity.
Clinical pharmacologists use pharmacokinetics to understand how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body. They use pharmacodynamics to understand how drugs affect biological systems and produce therapeutic effects.
Clinical pharmacologists also evaluate drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and toxicity to ensure the safe use of medications. They work with healthcare providers to choose the most appropriate drug therapy, dose, and route of administration for each patient based on their medical history, current health status, and other factors.
Clinical pharmacologists also conduct clinical trials to test the safety and efficacy of new drugs. They play a key role in the development and approval of new medications and monitor the ongoing safety of drugs after they are approved.
In conclusion, clinical pharmacology is a vital field that combines multiple disciplines to optimize drug therapy and improve patient outcomes. Clinical pharmacologists work with healthcare providers to ensure the safe and effective use of medications and play a critical role in the development and approval of new drugs.
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE |
NO RESPONSE |
POOR / UNSATISFACTORY |
SATISFACTORY |
GOOD |
EXCELLENT |
Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. |
30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. |
40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. |
50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. |
Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). |
Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. |
5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. |
10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. |
15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. |
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. |
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors |
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors |
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. |
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. |
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. |
5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper |
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. |
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. |
|
|
Also, you can place the order at www.collegepaper.us/orders/ordernow / www.phdwriters.us/orders/ordernow
|
Do You Have Any Other Essay/Assignment/Class Project/Homework Related to this? Click Here Now [CLICK ME]and Have It Done by Our PhD Qualified Writers!! |
|
|
Clinical Pharmacology
PLACE THE ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!