Order ID 53563633773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
Assignment: For this assignment, you are asked to choose a recent scholarly text on any topic related to higher education. Use this assignment to explore a topic or issue that is of personal interest to you. The book does not need to be about anything related to this class, but it does have to relate to higher education. Write a book review that follows the format used in scholarly journals such as the Review of Higher Education.
These are notes and summaries of the book that I have collected from various internet sources. Please write the book review based on the information you find or see below. The information below is not originally my own. It is just to give context/summary about the book.
Robot-Proof: Higher Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence by Joseph E. Aoun,
I just finished reading Robot-Proof: Higher Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence by Joseph E. Aoun, who addressed the impact artificial intelligence, specifically, will have on higher education and what higher education can do to prepare.
Joseph E. Aoun is the President of Northeastern University. In Robot-Proof, he shared what his university is doing and what other universities should be doing to prepare for the change in society and the workplace due to artificial intelligence.
Robot-Proof was a rather quick read at 216 pages spread over five chapters. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the chapters included:
- Fears of a Robotic Future
- Views from the C-Suite: What Employers Want, in Their Own Words
- A Learning Model for the Future
- The Experiential Difference
- Learning for Life
Aoun began the book by discussing our reluctance to embrace technology for fear that it will take our jobs. The history of the impact of technology is a long one. He shared how the term Luddite came about. It was a push back to machines taking over a task completed by hand for hundreds of years. He also shared contemporary examples of technology impacting society such as robot run warehouses, driverless trucks, and Jeopardy-winning AI.
With the constant push towards automation, current labor will have to be reskilled. Aoun stressed that colleges and universities need to take up this charge. Higher ed needs to distinguish what robots, AI, and automation are good at and what humans are good at.
What I have come to understand so far is that this transformation will be much shorter then what transpired during the industrial revolution. This transformation will happen over the next 15 years.
Not only will higher education have to update curriculum to accommodate traditional students, but they will also have to start to serve lifelong learners. According to Aoun, graduates will not only need to learn how to read, write, and solve math problems, they will also need to understand data analysis, technology, and human factors.
Aoun predicted that the workforce will shift to one with more entrepreneurs and freelancers. Companies will start hiring individuals to work on specific problems and then let them go. These workers will need constant training to stay abreast of changes. Those with advanced degrees will be in high demand, especially in technology fields.
Aoun shared a learning model for the future. Higher education will need to teach students to think creatively. While talking about convergent and divergent thinking, Aoun shared one of my favorite TED Talks, Sir Ken Robinson’s “Do Schools Kill Creativity?” Students will need to learn how to code even at a basic level. More schools need to require this skill as part of the core curriculum. As noted earlier, data literacy will be extremely important. Workers will have to know how to analysis huge streams of data. Human literacy is also essential. This will naturally take into account communication and working across different cultures in a global environment. Aoun also pointed out that students will have to learn critical thinking, systems thinking, and entrepreneurship.
In order to teach these skills, schools will have to expose students to different experiences. Aoun touted experiential learning as a strategy to tie foundational knowledge to the skills that are needed in the workforce. He used Northeastern University’s successful example as a model.
A lot has to be done in the next 15 years to make this shift in perspective and approach. I have my doubts whether it can be accomplished, especially since so few academics are talking about the topic. I strongly recommend others in higher education read Robot-Proof to at least start to get ahead of this important issue.
Advances in artificial intelligence, robotics, and big data will radically change the nature of work. Predictions on the impact of these advances range from the elimination of many types of jobs to the automation of a significant number of tasks. What is certain is that employees will need different types of skills to adapt to these changes, and higher education must play a central role in responding to this need.
It is with this future in mind that Joseph Aoun has written Robot-Proof: Higher Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Aoun, President of Northeastern University, proposes a new model of higher education that he believes will enable college graduates to succeed in a workforce where “any predictable work – including many jobs considered ‘knowledge economy jobs’ – are now within the purview of machines.”1 Because of the importance of preparing students for success after graduation, Robot-Proof should be on the reading list of higher education leaders.
In the introduction, Aoun identifies two questions that provide a framework for the book:
1) How should we be preparing people for this fast-changing world?
2) How should education be used to help people in the professional and economic spheres?2
Aoun addresses these questions by providing context for and describing the challenges facing those entering and already in the workforce, identifying what skills employers desire, and proposing how colleges and universities can change to better prepare students for workforce success. A theme that runs throughout the book is that while machines will soon perform most predictable work, they will not be able to replicate the uniquely human skill of creativity. Therefore, higher education needs to prioritize the development of students into creators.3
he task of chapter one is to discuss the relationship people have with technology and explain why the fourth industrial revolution is different from other industrial revolutions. From the Luddite resistance to technology, to post-war America’s concerns about the impact of technology on labor, Aoun demonstrates how technological advances often create fear.4 He also maps the trajectory of technological advancements with the history and shifting purpose of higher education in the United States, showing that one of higher education’s roles has become to help students acquire the knowledge and skills needed to secure and advance in meaningful careers.5 Given this role and the change being brought by technology, colleges and universities must adapt if they are to effectively prepare their students for the future.
Aoun offers the employer perspective in chapter two. He begins by demonstrating how technology has enabled the automation of tasks in occupations such as banking6 and law7. Readers then encounter examples of the types of skills employers are seeking in their employees, which include leadership, teamwork, the ability to write and solve problems8, innovation, curiosity,9 and critical and systems thinking.10 These types of uniquely human skills are discussed throughout the book.
In chapter three Aoun introduces humanics and its three literacies, a framework he thinks should inform developmental goals for students given employers’ needs and technological advances. Humanics is defined as a “new model of learning that enables learners to understand the highly technical world around them and that simultaneously allows them to transcend it by nurturing the mental and intellectual qualities that are unique to humans.”11
Technological literacy is “knowledge of mathematics, coding and basic engineering principles.”12 Data literacy prepares students to “understand and utilize Big Data through analysis.”13 Finally, human literacy, the one that Aoun thinks is the most important, prepares students “to communicate, engage with others, and tap into our human capacity for grace and beauty.”14
Aoun focuses on pedagogy in chapter four. Experiential learning, not lectures, is the best method of enabling student achievement of the goals presented in chapter three, which concurs with research on how people learn. Aoun thinks an essential aspect of experiential learning is that it “integrates classroom and real-world experiences” through activities such as “internships, co-ops, work-study hubs, global experiences, and original research opportunities,”15 which are all activities that the Association for American Colleges and Universities consider high-impact practices because of their significant impact on student learning.16
Aoun mentions various studies that demonstrate why experiential learning is effective and proposes that an important benefit of this type of learning is far transfer, which is the ability to apply skills and knowledge learned in one context to a dissimilar context.17 Aoun proposes that “far transfer is our [human]competitive advantage over machines” and allows us to exercise creative thinking, entrepreneurialism, and cultural agility.18
The last chapter of the book makes the case that students need to become lifelong learners, and that colleges and universities will need to adjust to accommodate older students and work with employers and the learners themselves to design curricula. Included throughout the chapter are examples of lifelong learning opportunities, such as a program to help liberal arts graduates become computer scientists,19 boot camps that are separate from and part of traditional institutions,20 and learning opportunities for alumni.21
Aoun ends the book by urging higher education and employers to work together by collaborating on program development to ensure that programs are effectively preparing students for the workforce. Aoun also returns to the idea of preparing students to be creators as he predicts that “the roles human beings fill will be largely concerned with creativity.”22
Robot-Proof is an important book for higher education leaders as it can help them learn and think about the fast pace of change in the workplace and what this means for how they develop students. It can help academic institutions think about the public’s concern that institutions and their leaders are disconnected from work, and that this leads to graduates who are unprepared for the workforce. Robot-Proof would be especially useful for a campus leader reading group or for those about to embark on curricular change.
Driverless cars are hitting the road, powered by artificial intelligence. Robots can climb stairs, open doors, win Jeopardy, analyze stocks, work in factories, find parking spaces, advise oncologists. In the past, automation was considered a threat to low-skilled labor. Now, many high-skilled functions, including interpreting medical images, doing legal research, and analyzing data, are within the skill sets of machines. How can higher education prepare students for their professional lives when professions themselves are disappearing? In Robot-Proof, Northeastern University president Joseph Aoun proposes a way to educate the next generation of college students to invent, to create, and to discover — to fill needs in society that even the most sophisticated artificial intelligence agent cannot.A “robot-proof” education, Aoun argues, is not concerned solely with topping up students’ minds with high-octane facts. Rather, it calibrates them with a creative mindset and the mental elasticity to invent, discover, or create something valuable to society — a scientific proof, a hip-hop recording, a webcomic, a cure for cancer. Aoun lays out the framework for a new discipline, humanics, which builds on our innate strengths and prepares students to compete in a labor market in which smart machines work alongside human professionals. The new literacies of Aoun’s humanics are data literacy, technological literacy, and human literacy. Students will need data literacy to manage the flow of big data, and technological literacy to know how their machines work, but human literacy — the humanities, communication, and design — to function as a human being. Life-long learning opportunities will support their ability to adapt to change. The only certainty about the future is change. Higher education based on the new literacies of humanics can equip students for living and working through change.
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. 50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. 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