Blood Pressure Lab Report Essay
Order ID |
53563633773 |
Type |
Essay |
Writer Level |
Masters |
Style |
APA |
Sources/References |
4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order |
5-10 Pages |
Description/Paper Instructions
Blood Pressure Lab Report Essay
Blood Pressure Lab Write-up Part I:
Introduction
The ability to maintain normal blood pressure is crucial aspect of human life. Blood pressure refers to the pressure that blood puts on the arteries it flows through. This is dependent on many factors, including resistance to flow, cardiac output, and volume status of the individual. That flow is maintained ensures that the body receives blood that contains oxygen, nutrients, and many other important substances that are critical for survival. As resistance increases, the cardiac flow becomes more restricted. An example of this happening is when an individual has a plaque/cholesterol build-up in their arteries. To compensate for the decreased blood flow, there is an increased blood pressure. This is beneficial in acute settings, but longstanding high blood pressure can damage the arteries and heart muscle.
Blood flow does not only change in response to disease. Blood flow changes based on our body position as well. The blood is evenly distributed throughout our bodies because there is no gravitational forces acting on our vascular system. If someone is lying down and suddenly stands up, the venous blood quickly flows into our lower limbs due to gravity, causing a rapid decrease in blood flow to the heart. The normal body response to this is rapid activation of baroreceptors that increase the pressure to restore flow. Individuals with certain diseases may not have this response and may experience orthostatic hypotension – fainting with position change.
Due to its importance, blood pressure is routinely measured in the healthcare setting. It is measured using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. The sphygmomanometer device is wrapped around the patient’s upper arm and is inflated to put pressure on the brachial artery. The individual measuring the blood pressure places their stethoscope on the brachial artery and listens for Korotkoff sounds. These are sounds due to blood flowing through the brachial artery. The first, the systolic value, represents the pressure in the major arteries as blood is pumped out of the left ventricle. The diastolic pressure represents the pressure when the left ventricle is relaxed. Due to the importance of blood pressure, there are a range of normal values for individuals based on sex, age, and more.
Our experiment aims to assess how blood pressure changes in the sitting versus supine position. Based on the physiology explained above regarding blood flow and gravity, we hypothesize that blood pressure will be lower when the patient is supine versus sitting. This hypothesis will be tested using participants’ position as the independent variable, and the resultant blood pressure as the dependent variable.
Methods:
We will be conducting the experiment on our colleagues, the demographics for which can be found in the results. We will be using an automatic sphygmomanometer, a stethoscope, and mat or towel.
The participants will have the blood pressure cuff around their right arm in a seated position. The experimenter will press start and measure the blood pressure twice. The above sequence will be repeated on the same participant on the left arm. Following completion of both arms, the participant will lay down on the mat/towel for three minutes. The blood pressure cuff will then be attached to the right arm, and the machine will be started. The participant will get their left arm pressure read while supine following this.
The measurements will all be taken twice, and their values will be averaged. These averages will be used to calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP).
Speciation Research
Goal
Explain the process of speciation through an example.
Prompt
Speciation occurs via macroevolution – a process of many steps over many generations. Use a made-up pretend species of primate to tell the story of how a new species evolved. Connect it to natural selection, allopatric speciation, and one of the primate evolution hypotheses discussed in the Week 2 module.
Instructions
You are exploring a remote area in Ecuador, and discover two species of unknown primate living on either side of a large river. The species to the north is large, only sees in two colors, and eats mostly leaves. On the south side, you find a smaller species that feeds mainly on small flowering plants and fruits and has trichromatic vision.
Use this storyboard worksheet to explain each step in the process that has led to the evolution of these two species seen today in a sentence or two, and draw a diagram in each box to show what happened. You will need to imagine what their ancestor species looked like, what happened to start the divergence of the two populations, and the selection pressures that favored the different traits seen in the two species you see today.
This is an imaginary example and you should tell a made-up story. Do not do any research or reading beyond the chapter – I’m looking for plausible stories and events that illustrate the theories, not true facts about existing primate species.
Speciation Story.docx
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE |
NO RESPONSE |
POOR / UNSATISFACTORY |
SATISFACTORY |
GOOD |
EXCELLENT |
Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. |
30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. |
40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. |
50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. |
Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). |
Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. |
5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. |
10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. |
15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. |
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. |
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors |
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors |
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. |
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. |
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. |
5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper |
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. |
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. |
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