An Overview of Current Research
Order ID |
53563633773 |
Type |
Essay |
Writer Level |
Masters |
Style |
APA |
Sources/References |
4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order |
5-10 Pages |
Description/Paper Instructions
Genetics and Addiction: An Overview of Current Research
Addiction is a complex behavioral disorder that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. While the exact mechanisms underlying addiction are not fully understood, there is growing evidence to suggest that genetic factors play a significant role in the development of addictive behaviors.
One area of research that has received particular attention is the study of genetic variations that may increase an individual’s susceptibility to addiction. Several studies have identified specific genes that are associated with an increased risk of addiction, including genes that are involved in neurotransmitter signaling, reward pathways, and stress responses.
For example, studies have found that variations in the gene that codes for the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) are associated with an increased risk of addiction. The dopamine system is involved in reward processing, and the DRD2 receptor plays a key role in modulating the activity of this system. Individuals with a variation of this gene that results in reduced DRD2 receptor availability may have a heightened sensitivity to rewarding stimuli, which could increase their susceptibility to addiction.
Similarly, variations in the gene that codes for the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) have been found to be associated with an increased risk of opioid addiction. The mu-opioid receptor is the primary target of opioid drugs, and variations in this gene may affect an individual’s response to these drugs, as well as their risk of developing addiction.
Other genes that have been linked to addiction risk include those involved in the stress response, such as the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) gene. Stress is a known risk factor for addiction, and variations in genes involved in the stress response may affect an individual’s ability to cope with stressors, making them more vulnerable to addiction.
While these genetic variations may increase an individual’s risk of addiction, they do not necessarily guarantee that an individual will develop addictive behaviors. Environmental factors, such as stress, trauma, and social influences, can also play a significant role in the development of addiction.
In addition to studying genetic variations that may increase addiction risk, researchers have also investigated the genetic basis of individual differences in response to drugs of abuse. For example, studies have found that variations in the gene that codes for the enzyme responsible for metabolizing nicotine (CYP2A6) can affect an individual’s ability to quit smoking. Similarly, variations in the gene that codes for the enzyme responsible for metabolizing alcohol (ADH1B) have been found to be associated with a reduced risk of alcohol dependence.
Overall, the study of genetics and addiction is a rapidly growing field that has the potential to improve our understanding of addiction risk and treatment. While there is still much to learn about the genetic basis of addiction, the identification of specific genetic variations associated with addiction risk and response to drugs of abuse may eventually lead to the development of more personalized and effective treatments for addiction.
An Overview of Current Research
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE |
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POOR / UNSATISFACTORY |
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EXCELLENT |
Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. |
30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. |
40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. |
50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. |
Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). |
Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. |
5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. |
10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. |
15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. |
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. |
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors |
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors |
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. |
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. |
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. |
5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper |
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. |
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. |
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