A Review of Family Twin,and Adoption Studies
Order ID |
53563633773 |
Type |
Essay |
Writer Level |
Masters |
Style |
APA |
Sources/References |
4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order |
5-10 Pages |
Description/Paper Instructions
The Genetics of Addiction: A Review of Family Twin,and Adoption Studies
Addiction is a complex and multifaceted disorder that involves both genetic and environmental factors. Family, twin, and adoption studies have been used to investigate the heritability of addiction and the role of genetic factors in its development.
Family studies have consistently shown that individuals with a family history of addiction are at an increased risk of developing addiction themselves. The risk of addiction is higher in first-degree relatives (e.g., parents, siblings) compared to more distant relatives, suggesting a strong genetic component. However, family studies cannot determine whether the increased risk is due to genetic factors, shared environmental factors, or a combination of both.
Twin studies have been particularly useful in teasing apart the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to addiction. Monozygotic (identical) twins share 100% of their genetic material, while dizygotic (fraternal) twins share on average 50% of their genetic material. If genetics play a significant role in addiction, we would expect to see a higher concordance rate (i.e., both twins have addiction) in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins. Indeed, twin studies have consistently shown a higher concordance rate for addiction in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins, providing strong evidence for a genetic component to addiction.
Adoption studies have also been used to investigate the heritability of addiction. In adoption studies, individuals who were adopted at birth and raised apart from their biological parents are compared to individuals who were raised by their biological parents. If genetics play a significant role in addiction, we would expect to see a higher rate of addiction in individuals who have a biological family history of addiction, even if they were raised in a different environment. Indeed, adoption studies have shown that individuals with a biological family history of addiction are at an increased risk of developing addiction, even if they were raised in a different environment.
Overall, family, twin, and adoption studies provide strong evidence for a genetic component to addiction. However, it is important to note that genetics is only one part of the story. Environmental factors, such as exposure to drugs or stress, can also play a significant role in the development of addiction. Additionally, addiction is a complex disorder that likely involves the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors.
One of the key challenges in understanding the genetics of addiction is identifying specific genes that are involved. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been used to identify genetic variants associated with addiction. These studies involve scanning the entire genome of large groups of individuals to identify genetic variations that are more common in individuals with addiction compared to controls. GWAS have identified several genetic variants associated with addiction, including variants in genes involved in dopamine signaling, a neurotransmitter system that is heavily involved in the reward and pleasure pathways of the brain.
While GWAS have identified several genetic variants associated with addiction, it is important to note that these variants explain only a small fraction of the overall heritability of addiction. It is likely that many genes, each with a small effect, contribute to the development of addiction. Additionally, environmental factors likely interact with genetic factors in complex ways, making it difficult to identify specific genes that are involved.
In conclusion, family, twin, and adoption studies provide strong evidence for a genetic component to addiction. While specific genes have been identified through GWAS, the overall heritability of addiction is likely due to the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors. Understanding the genetics of addiction is important for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies for this complex and debilitating disorder.
A Review of Family Twin,and Adoption Studies
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE |
NO RESPONSE |
POOR / UNSATISFACTORY |
SATISFACTORY |
GOOD |
EXCELLENT |
Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. |
30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. |
40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. |
50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. |
Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). |
Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. |
5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. |
10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. |
15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. |
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. |
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors |
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors |
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. |
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. |
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. |
5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper |
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. |
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. |
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