Subject | Economics |
Topic | Economics Assignment |
Type | Research paper |
Writer level | College |
Style | APA |
Sources / references | 5 |
Language | English(U.S.) |
Description / paper instructions
Hi, after we finish the previous parts, we are going to do the analysis based on the research design. I will need data, statistic, charts and graphs in the paper. Like what you suggest in the Methodology. I wonder are you able to do hypothesis regression model in this case? Also, i wonder if the charts and graphs exclusive from the pages i buy? Thank you! Btw, the docs has feedbacks from instructor and the paper.
– The research problem and subproblems (specifying focal industries) are well identified – One thing to note though – “effect of pollution on US economy” is too big and ambiguous since US economy is about so many things combined. Hence, as you are focusing your research on some specific industry/markets, try to narrow down your research topic accordingly.
– Good reasoning on the possible negative correlation b/w pollution and economic activities. In your actual research paper, try to enrich this reasoning and any other relevant theories to back your research hypotheses.
– Good starting point. Since you are studying more than one economies/markets, try to build up separate sets of hypotheses as much as they make sense or relevant
– Good discussion on the variables you are employing
– Good discussion on these items. – One thing to note though – It looks like you are employing a cross-sectional research design, comparing several different markets with presumably different levels of variables. Please make sure try to keep as much as homogeneity among subjects across different markets other than the employed variables. For example, the labor productivity may be different across different markets not only because of possible negative pollution effect but also because of different factors such as education and any other relevant factors.
– As long as you have a good control of the possible heterogeneity issue among subjects across different comparison markets, your research may be able to provide some good insights on the relationship b/w pollution and economic activities.
Literature Review QIANRONG CHENG Institutional Affiliation
Literature Review Pollution remains one of the primary challenges of the 21st century. Pollution is detrimental due to its negative effect on human health, the environment and the economy. The economic cost of death and disability caused by pollution in the United States is on the rise, (UNECE, 2019). Pollution therefore harms the United States economy. This study aims to prove through a primary research that the United States economy has been negatively affected by pollution. The study establish the relationship between exposure to pollution, extent of water pollution and income tendencies, fishing and the tourism industry. The review covers statistics on the economic impact of pollution, the impact of pollution on individual sectors of the economy, and the financial position of families exposed to pollution. Pollution has a negative impact on the United States economy. Researchers have revealed statistics that have linked pollution with the economies of countries in Europe and America. The costs illness, treatment, disability and death caused by pollution are rising due to the increased pollution. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), (2019), reported that countries in Europe spent USD 1.6 trillion on deaths and disabilities related to air pollution in the region. The exposure to algae blooms for example during recreation, water drinking or consumption of poisoned shellfish result in human diseases. EPA (2015) reports that in years with high algae blooms, healthcare costs in Florida County go up by $130,000. UNECE (2019) Further reports that the economic burden of pollution decreases with implementation of cleanup processes. Countries that embrace and implement anti-pollution policies such as cleanup projects should expect an increase in their Gross Domestic Product by 10%, (UNECE, 2019). Pollution therefore negatively affects the US economy through the cost of illness, treatment, disability and death that results from pollution and the rising cost of water during cleanup projects. There are specific sectors in the economy that are directly affected by pollution. These sectors include; tourism, commercial fishing, health, recreation, and real estate, (EPA, 2015). EPA (2015) records that studies conducted in Washington, Texas, Florida and Ohio revealed increasing closure of businesses by the lakeside. The studies further showed a reduction in the number of tourists as a result of the growing algal blooms, (EPA, 2015). Close to $47 million were lost within two years by the tourism investors in the region, (EPA, 2015). This loss was attributed to the increasing growth of algal bloom in Lake Ohio. The study also revealed reducing restaurant sales, (EPA, 2015). Pollution therefore negatively affects the tourism and recreation industries which are major contributors to the economy. The commercial fishing industry operating mainly along the US coasts have also been negatively impacted by pollution. Algal blooms have led to the reduction in fish harvest and an increase in the processing costs and the closing down of fisheries, (EPA, 2015). For example, a poisonous algae bloom in Maine coast has resulted in the closing down of the shellfish bed in that coast. This closure cost the industry a total of $2.9 million, (EPA, 2015). Further, pollution has also resulted affected property prices for properties along the beaches. The clarity and cleanliness of the surrounding water has become a primary determinant in property prices. Real estate investors have therefore lost the value of their properties due to the increasing pollution of the surrounding water. Commercial fishing and real estate which are both contributors to the national economy are negatively affected by pollution. The costs associated with restoring polluted environments especially water bodies is considerably high and harms the economy. EPA, (2015) also reports that the cost of water in Minnesota went high forty times during a water cleanup project. The cost of cleaning up one water body can range $11,000 to $100,000 depending on the size of the water body, (EPA, 2015). County governments invest in such clean-up projects to provide water for their population and revive businesses that depend on these water bodies. Mitigation and restoration practices also places a burden of the individual county economy which further affects the national economy. Pollution also has a negative impact on the labor force which has a direct stake on the country’s economy. Isen, Rossin-Slater, & Walker, (2017) conducted a research in which they compare the participation in labor force and income amounts for two groups of individuals. One group was exposed to pollution at a young age while the other group were brought up in areas will relatively insignificant amount of air pollution. The population that was exposed to pollution at birth are linked to lower labor participation compared to the second population. Further, the first group were also associated with relatively lower earnings at age 30, (Isen, Rossin-Slater, & Walker, 2017). Pollution has also been associated with a slow cognitive development process for children. Children exposed to high pollution are most likely to repeat grades, (Persico, Figlio, & Roth, (2016). The slow education process costs their parent’s tuition fee that would not be spent if the children were not exposed to polluted environments. Pollution therefore negatively affects labor force, income and student performance which contribute to the nation’s economy. Pollution remains one of the problems in the world today. Unknown to most policy makers is its impact on the economy which is the subject of this study. Pollution negatively affects the United States Economy as it increases the cost of healthcare for ill and disable patients and those who die from pollution related sicknesses. Pollution also directly affects key industries that contribute to the economy. These industries are the fishing, recreation, tourism, and real estate. Also, the exposure to polluted environments at a younger age affects the labor force and individual income tendencies. Pollution therefore has a negative impact on the United States economy.
References Isen, A., Rossin-Slater, M., & Walker, W. R. (2017). Every breath you take—every dollar you’ll make: The long-term consequences of the clean air act of 1970. Journal of Political Economy, 125(3), 848-902. Persico, C., Figlio, D., & Roth, J. (2016). Inequality before birth: The developmental consequences of environmental toxicants (No. w22263). National Bureau of Economic Research United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2019). Air pollution and economic development. Retrieved October 9, 2019 from https://www.unece.org/environmental-policy/conventions/envlrtapwelcome/cross-sectoral-linkages/air-pollution-and-economic-development.html United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2015). A compilation of cost data associated with the impacts and controls of nutrient pollution. Retrieved October 9, 2019 from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-04/documents/nutrient-economics-report-2015.pdf The Negative Impact of Pollution on the United States Economy QIANRONG CHENG Institutional Affiliation The Negative Impact of Pollution on the United States Economy Introduction Pollution is one of the primary problems faced by the world today. The negative effects of pollution have inspired discussion and research on how to minimize this phenomenon. Recent studies show that pollution is beginning to negatively affect economies in Europe and the United States. According to a report by The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), (2019), the economic cost of death and disability resulting from air pollution in Europe is USD 1.6 trillion. The report further states that an improvement in environmental cleanup projects will boost the Gross Domestic Product, (GDP) of countries in Europe by 10% (UNECE, 2019). Pollution negatively impacts economies. In the United States, pollution has increased drinking water costs. In Minnesota for example, the cost of 1000 gallons of water went up from 10 cents to 4 dollars during a nitrate removal project (EPA, 2015). Water pollution also affects commercial fishing, tourism, and the real estate industry. Pollution also results in health complication that reduces labor productivity and income generation. Pollution, therefore, harms the United States Economy. The priori hypothesis for the research is pollution negatively impacts the United States economy. The study will have two independent variables to prove the economic impact of pollution in different sectors that constitute the economy. The independent variables will be the exposure of people to polluted environments, and the extent of water pollution. The dependent variables will be productivity and income tendencies and the effect on the shellfish industry, tourism, recreational and funds allocated to curb water pollution. Productivity and income variations will be measured in relation to exposure to polluted environments. The economic impact on the shellfish, tourism, and recreational industry will be investigated in relation to the extents of water pollution. Further, the funds spent to curb water pollution will also be measured against the extent of water pollution. The statistics on the extent of water pollution and finances spent to deal with this pollution will be obtained from the chosen state environmental departments. The financial statistics on tourism, shellfish, and recreational industry will also be obtained from chosen organizations in these industries. A sample of students from states that have been least and most affected by pollution will be chosen as respondents to help relate pollution, productivity, and income. Measuring these variables as they relate to pollution will provide the correlation between pollution and the United States economy. The study will assume that the state government environmental departments in the sampled sates will give truthful statistics on the extent of pollution in their water bodies and the financial resources used to deal with this pollution. The other assumption is that respondents will give the right financial standings and productivity reports. The final assumption is that statistics provided by organizations in shellfish, tourism and recreational industries will be factual. The delimitations include the fact that the research problem only focuses on air and water pollution while there are other pollution types. Further, the variable measurements depend on secondary statistics than on primary observed measurement. The population chosen could be limited in its representation of all generations. Also, this study will require resources and time which could be strenuous to obtain. Despite the limitations, the study is important in establishing a valid relationship between pollution and the economy that will help inform the policymaker’s decisions. The research will also help activists and organizations with foundational facts to support their campaigns and proposal for funds for environmental cleanup activities. Economic students will also obtain a better comprehension of the effect of pollution on economic building industries and human productivity. The negative impacts of pollution on the United States economy is, therefore, a primary problem that policymakers should consider in their decisions. Literature Review Pollution remains one of the primary challenges of the 21st century. Pollution is detrimental due to its negative effect on human health, the environment and the economy. The economic cost of death and disability caused by pollution in the United States is on the rise, (UNECE, 2019). Pollution therefore harms the United States economy. This study aims to prove through a primary research that the United States economy has been negatively affected by pollution. The study establishes the relationship between exposure to pollution, extent of water pollution and income tendencies, fishing and the tourism industry. The review covers statistics on the economic impact of pollution, the impact of pollution on individual sectors of the economy, and the financial position of families exposed to pollution. Pollution has a negative impact on the United States economy. Researchers have revealed statistics that have linked pollution with the economies of countries in Europe and America. The costs illness, treatment, disability and death caused by pollution are rising due to the increased pollution. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), (2019), reported that countries in Europe spent USD 1.6 trillion on deaths and disabilities related to air pollution in the region. The exposure to algae blooms for example during recreation, water drinking or consumption of poisoned shellfish result in human diseases. EPA (2015) reports that in years with high algae blooms, healthcare costs in Florida County go up by $130,000. UNECE (2019) Further reports that the economic burden of pollution decreases with implementation of cleanup processes. Countries that embrace and implement anti-pollution policies such as cleanup projects should expect an increase in their Gross Domestic Product by 10%, (UNECE, 2019). Pollution therefore negatively affects the US economy through the cost of illness, treatment, disability and death that results from pollution and the rising cost of water during cleanup projects. There are specific sectors in the economy that are directly affected by pollution. These sectors include; tourism, commercial fishing, health, recreation, and real estate, (EPA, 2015). EPA (2015) records that studies conducted in Washington, Texas, Florida and Ohio revealed increasing closure of businesses by the lakeside. The studies further showed a reduction in the number of tourists as a result of the growing algal blooms, (EPA, 2015). Close to $47 million were lost within two years by the tourism investors in the region, (EPA, 2015). This loss was attributed to the increasing growth of algal bloom in Lake Ohio. The study also revealed reducing restaurant sales, (EPA, 2015). Pollution therefore negatively affects the tourism and recreation industries which are major contributors to the economy. The commercial fishing industry operating mainly along the US coasts have also been negatively impacted by pollution. Algal blooms have led to the reduction in fish harvest and an increase in the processing costs and the closing down of fisheries, (EPA, 2015). For example, a poisonous algae bloom in Maine coast has resulted in the closing down of the shellfish bed in that coast. This closure cost the industry a total of $2.9 million, (EPA, 2015). Further, pollution has also resulted affected property prices for properties along the beaches. The clarity and cleanliness of the surrounding water has become a primary determinant in property prices. Real estate investors have therefore lost the value of their properties due to the increasing pollution of the surrounding water. Commercial fishing and real estate which are both contributors to the national economy are negatively affected by pollution. The costs associated with restoring polluted environments especially water bodies are considerably high and harms the economy. EPA, (2015) also reports that the cost of water in Minnesota went high forty times during a water cleanup project. The cost of cleaning up one water body can range $11,000 to $100,000 depending on the size of the water body, (EPA, 2015). County governments invest in such clean-up projects to provide water for their population and revive businesses that depend on these water bodies. Mitigation and restoration practices also places a burden of the individual county economy which further affects the national economy. Pollution also has a negative impact on the labor force which has a direct stake on the country’s economy. Isen, Rossin-Slater, & Walker, (2017) conducted a research in which they compare the participation in labor force and income amounts for two groups of individuals. One group was exposed to pollution at a young age while the other group were brought up in areas will relatively insignificant amount of air pollution. The population that was exposed to pollution at birth are linked to lower labor participation compared to the second population. Further, the first group were also associated with relatively lower earnings at age 30, (Isen, Rossin-Slater, & Walker, 2017). Pollution has also been associated with a slow cognitive development process for children. Children exposed to high pollution are most likely to repeat grades, (Persico, Figlio, & Roth, (2016). The slow education process costs their parent’s tuition fee that would not be spent if the children were not exposed to polluted environments. Pollution therefore negatively affects labor force, income and student performance which contribute to the nation’s economy. Pollution remains one of the problems in the world today. Unknown to most policy makers is its impact on the economy which is the subject of this study. Pollution negatively affects the United States Economy as it increases the cost of healthcare for ill and disable patients and those who die from pollution related sicknesses. Pollution also directly affects key industries that contribute to the economy. These industries are the fishing, recreation, tourism, and real estate. Also, the exposure to polluted environments at a younger age affects the labor force and individual income tendencies. Pollution therefore has a negative impact on the United States economy. Methodology The research will focus on the effect of pollution on the fishing industry as a component of the economy. This industry encompasses the seafood businesses that directly depend on fishing. The study design that will be used in the research is the Causal research design. This design will be more appropriate for the study as the research is investigating a causal effect relationship (Karvanen, 2015). The study seeks to establish the effect of pollution on the fishing and seafood industry which in turn affects the United States economy. This design will help in answering the primary research question which is narrowed to; what is the economic impact of pollution in the fishing and seafood industry? The causal study design will, therefore, be more appropriate for the research. The independent variable, in this case, will be the extent of pollution in terms of the spread of algae bloom that results from water pollution in the fishing s. The dependent variables will include employment, revenue, and pollution mitigation expenses. The population for the research is the businesses that trade in seafood and fishing control agencies in the United States. Each state has unique fishing agencies mandated to regulate and oversee fishing in the states. Further, traders also vary across the states. The study will, therefore, sample four states focusing on Texas, Massachusetts, Alaska, and North Carolina. Purposive sampling is applied in this case where the states were chosen based on the prior established algae blooms in their fishing waters, (Etikan, Musa, & Alkassim, 2016). Each state will focus on specific fishing waters analyzing its pollution extents to the fishing and seafood businesses that directly depend on it. Galveston Bay will be used in the case of Texas, Maine Coast in Minnesota, The Alaska coast in Alaska and the Neuse River in North Carolina. These four water bodies have had algae bloom resulting from water pollution that affected fishing and seafood trade in the states hence the choice. Three seafood restaurants in each of the four states will be used hence a total of 12 seafood restaurants. Further, the study will also use the fishing control agencies in the states as respondents. The research will, therefore, use a sample of 16. The restaurant managers will be the respondents while the agency officials in charge of the specific fishing bodies. The research, therefore, focuses on the statistical analysis of the direct impact of the algae bloom extent on employment and revenue in these industries hence impacting the economy. The questionnaire will be the primary instrument in this study. The questionnaires will be administered to the hotel managers and the state fishing agency officials. The questionnaire for the hotel managers will include the following questions. How much does your business depend on the specific water body? Do you get all the seafood served in your restaurant from this water body? Was your business influenced by the algae bloom in the water body? Did you lay off any employees in the season? If you did, how many? What was the average income of laid-off employees? How was your profit affected in this season? How much would you have made in a month if the bloom did not affect the fishing? For the agency officers the questionnaire will include; how much was spent to mitigate the algae bloom in the water body by the state? What was the impact on the state income that depends on fishing? How much do you regularly use to maintain the water bodies in the absence of algae blooms? And how many fishermen lost their jobs before the algae bloom was removed? The primary instrument for the research is a questionnaire. The first step in the study would be to obtain phone numbers that can be used to access the respondents. The numbers will be obtained from the organization and hotel websites. This step will be followed by calling each of the 16 respondents to explain the study, the purpose, the use and the university permission to perform the study. The call will determine if there is a need to replace any respondent who turns down participating in the research. The call will be followed by emailing a consent document to the chosen 16 participants. The document will contain details of the research, their role, and the conditions. The respondents will be expected to download and sign the consent document, scan and mail it back. After the consent, the questionnaires will be sent to the respondents with the request to return them after one week having typed the answers. The result obtained from the questionnaires will be analyzed using the quantitative data analysis method. The data related to income, profits and expenses will be analyzed using the SPSS software (Aljandali, 2016). The different records before and after the algae bloom data will be entered into the software. The analysis will produce the averages, differences and percentages that tell the change in income and profit that have resulted from the pollution caused algae blooms in the water bodies. The employment statistics will be compared through a manual calculation using a calculator to establish the effect of the algae blooms on employment using the formula; (number of lost jobs/the total number of jobs before the lost *100). The formula will give changes in percentages in employment as affected by pollution. The results will therefore be analyzed through quantitative data analysis methods. The limitations of the described methods include the fact that the sample does not adequately represent the population. The study only samples four states out of the fifty states in the country hence the representation is limited. Further, the study focuses on the impact of pollution caused algae blooms seasons that have happened in the previous five years and are not occurring currently which limits the research application. The limitations, therefore, stem from sampling and the use of past algae bloom case studies. References United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2019). Air pollution and economic development. Retrieved October 9, 2019 from https://www.unece.org/environmental-policy/conventions/envlrtapwelcome/cross-sectoral-linkages/air-pollution-and-economic-development.html United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2015). A compilation of cost data associated with the impacts and controls of nutrient pollution. Retrieved October 9, 2019 from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-04/documents/nutrient-economics-report-2015.pdf Isen, A., Rossin-Slater, M., & Walker, W. R. (2017). Every breath you take—every dollar you’ll make: The long-term consequences of the clean air act of 1970. Journal of Political Economy, 125(3), 848-902. Persico, C., Figlio, D., & Roth, J. (2016). Inequality before birth: The developmental consequences of environmental toxicants (No. w22263). National Bureau of Economic Research Aljandali, A. (2016). Quantitative Analysis and IBM® SPSS® Statistics. Springer International Publishing. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), 1-4. Karvanen, J. (2015). Study design in causal models. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 42(2), 361-377.
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