PHL/410 Final 18th century mathematician and philosopher philosophy Assignment
Order ID 53563633773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages To Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
- Which 18thcentury mathematician and philosopher made the following proposal: “And although learned men have long since thought of some kind of language or universal characteristic by which all concepts and things can be put into beautiful order, and with whose help different nations might communicate their thoughts and each read in his own language what another has written in his, yet no one has attempted a language or characteristic which includes at once both the arts of discovery and judgment, that is, one whose signs and characters serve the same purpose that arithmetical signs serve for numbers, and algebraic signs for quantities taken abstractly.”?
- William of Ockham
- Blaise Pascal
- Gottfried Leibniz
- George Boole
1 point
- Predicates such as “triangular”, “divine”, and “temperate” do not exist except in the minds of intelligent beings. Whatever exists in reality is an individual thing and can be named. This characterization represents the key thought of:
- William Ockham
- DeMorgan
- Chrysippus
- Pascal
1 point
- The criticism of President Obama that he lied to the American public when he said: “If you like your health plan you can keep it.” is completely unjustified because it has not been proven that he acted fraudulently.
This is most clearly an example of:
- against the person
- argument from ignorance
- red herring
- hasty generalization
2 points
- The philosophy of Aquinas is nonsense. He was a Catholic theologian who would say anything as long as it agreed with Rome, and he was fat as a hog besides.
This is most clearly an example of:
- argument from ignorance
- appeal to authority
- ad hominem
- petitio principii
2 points
- “Paranthropus boiseiwas discovered by Mary Leakey on July 17, 1959, at the FLK Bed I site of Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania (specimen OH 5). She rushed back to camp and at the news Louis made a remarkable recovery. They refrained from excavating until Des Bartlett had photographed the site. In his notes Louis recorded a first name, Titanohomo mirabilis, reflecting an initial impression of close human affinity.” [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinjanthropus] The name and definition Titanohomo mirabilis best illustrates which of the following definition types:
- operational definition
- persuasive definition
- lexical definition
- stipulative definition
2 points
- Assess this definition: Logic is the science of the laws of thought. (2 points)
- the definiens is “logic” and is too broad for the definiendum
- the definiens is “logic” and is just right for the definiendum
- the definiens is “the science of the laws of thought” and is just right for the definiendum
- the definiens is “the science of the laws of thought” and is too broad for the definiendum
2 points
- Which of the following is a better characterization of definition by genus and species.
- species concepts are narrower than genus concepts
- genus concepts are narrower than species concepts
- a species and a specific difference make a genus
- definitions by genus and species are totally useless for modern science
2 points
All questions about Categorical Logic are to be answered from the Traditional or Aristotelian Logic of Categories, not the Boolean version.
- What does Oab mean?
1 point
- Which, if any, of the terms in Oab are distributed?
1 point
- Identify 10 propositionsthat may be inferred by means of the square of opposition and other immediate inferences such as obversion, etc. from it is false that Iab. Name the kind of inference in each case. If you wish to interpret Iab in concrete terms (i.e. use a class name for both a and b, for instance, Eab might be ‘No sheep are wolves’) you may; but be sure to use the same two class-names throughout for a and b. In some of these you will follow a two-step process of inference (e.g. contradiction then contrariety).
20 points
- Suppose that Aab is false. Does that mean Eab is false too. Explain briefly.
2 points
- What is the difference between contrary statements and contradictory statements. Give an examples of each.
4 points
- What does this diagram exhibit?
2 points
Syllogisms
- Consider the syllogism:
No catfish are cats.
Some fish are catfish.
Therefore, No fish are cats.
14a. What is the major term?
14b. What is the minor term?
14c. What is the middle term?
14d. Is the syllogism in standard form? If not, what has to change to make it so?
14e. What is the mood?
14f. What is the figure?
14g. Is it valid?
14h. If not, why not? If so, what is the medieval name for this syllogism?
8 points
- Let’s change it around a little…
Consider the syllogism
No cats are fish.
All catfish are fish.
Therefore, No cats are catfish.
15a. What is the major term?
15b. What is the minor term?
15c. What is the middle term?
15d. Is the syllogism in standard form? If not, what has to change to make it so?
15e. What is the mood?
15f. What is the figure?
15g. Is it valid?
15h. If not, why not? If so, what is the medieval name for this syllogism?
8 points
- What is the figure, mood, and give an example of Felapton.
3 points
For 19-21, apply the six traditional rules for checking syllogisms to validate or invalidate the following syllogisms.
Write Valid or Invalid, and write out the rule violated if invalid.
- All sharks are fish. Some pelagic whitetips are fish. Therefore some sharks are pelagic whitetips.
3 points
- Some zebras are albinos. No zebras are pachyderms. Therefore some albinos are pachyderms.
3 points
- Some conditions caused by viruses are not dangerous. All cancers are dangerous. Therefore some cancers are not conditions caused by viruses.
3 points
- Explain why the following argument is valid or invalid.
Some non-potsmokers are athletes, because no potsmokers are persons in perfect
physical condition, and some people in perfect physical condition
are not nonathletes.
4 points
- Translate the following argument into standard form.
Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.
Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional
name.
If it is invalid, name a rule that it violates.
. . . because intense heat is nothing else but a particular kind of painful
sensation; and pain cannot exist but in a perceiving being; it follows that
no intense heat can really exist in an unperceiving corporeal substance.
—George Berkeley, Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous,
in Opposition to Sceptics and Atheists, 1713
8 points
- Name a valid syllogism exhibited by the following diagram. Give a standard form example of it.
4 points
Sentential Logic
- Which of the following is a valid argument?
- If Pb exceeds U238 by less than 5%, then post-Jurassic vulcanism is responsible. Pb exceeds U238by 10%, therefore post-Jurassic volcanism is not responsible.
- If Pb exceeds U238 by less than 5%, then post-Jurassic vulcanism is responsible, and post-Jurassic volcanism is responsible, so Pb exceeds U238 by less than 5%.
- If Pb exceeds U238 by less than 5%, then post-Jurassic vulcanism is responsible. But post-Jurassic volcanism is not responsible, thus Pb does not exceed U238 by less than 5%.
- Pb exceeds U238 by less than 5%, therefore Pb does not exceed U238 by less than 5%.
3 points
- Which of the following is an invalid argument?
- If light is composed only of waves, then light cannot travel across empty space. But light is composed only of waves, therefore light cannot travel across empty space.
- If light is composed only of particles, then light cannot exhibit diffraction patterns; and light is composed only of particles, so light cannot exhibit diffraction patterns.
- If light is composed only of waves, then light cannot travel across empty space. But light can travel across empty space. Therefore light is not composed only of waves.
- If light is composed only of particles, then light cannot exhibit diffraction patterns; and light is not composed only of particles, therefore light can exhibit diffraction patterns.
3 points
- Which of the following is invalid deductively but might be part of a useful inductive argument.
- If light is composed only of waves, then light cannot travel across empty space. But light is composed only of waves, therefore light cannot travel across empty space.
- If light is composed only of particles, then light cannot exhibit diffraction patterns; and light can exhibit diffraction patterns, so light cannot be composed only of particles.
- If light is composed only of waves, then light cannot travel across empty space. So suppose light cannot travel across empty space. In that case light is composed only of waves.
- If light is composed only of particles, then light is composed only of waves.
3 points
- Explain briefly the difference between modus tollensand affirming the consequent. How are they both used in modern science?
3 points
Extra Credit (5 points)
Construct a valid deductive argument with two true premises and a false conclusion.
RUBRIC
Quality of Response No Response Poor/Unsatisfactory Satisfactory Good Excellent Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. 50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors 10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors 15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. 20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. 5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. The can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper 7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. 10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. GET THIS PROJECT NOW BY CLICKING ON THIS LINK TO PLACE THE ORDER
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