Order ID |
53563633773 |
Type |
Essay |
Writer Level |
Masters |
Style |
APA |
Sources/References |
4 |
Perfect Number of Pages to Order |
5-10 Pages |
Description/Paper Instructions
The US Wine Industry assignment Essay Paper
THE US WINE INDUSTRY1
Armand Gilinsky, Jr. (Sonoma State University)
Raymond H. Lopez (Pace University)
How do firms in the US wine industry produce, compete, and distribute their
products?
Wine Production
Producing wines was capital intensive. Vines planted in a given year did not become productive on a
sustainable basis for at least four years, with optimum output reached in the seventh year. Land
upon which grapes were grown could be obtained and used in one of three ways. It might be owned
and managed by the wine producer. Alternatively, the producer might contract with landowners to
purchase their grapes annually. Finally, the landowner could allow the producing firm to plant and
manage the growth of the vines, harvesting the grapes with its own personnel and simply paying the
landowner for these privileges.
As an agricultural process, grape growing was subject to a variety of risks. Varying weather and
climactic conditions could have significant effects on grape yields per acre in any given year. Vines
were also susceptible to pests that could adversely affect any given crop. As there was only one grape
crop available per year, a combination of factors could have a significant adverse effect on grape
supply and, consequently, the volume of wine produced and available for sale.
Harvesting equipment, along with crushers and fermenting tanks, was expensive, and yet used only
one to two months per year. They had no other use and therefore were idle for up to ten months per
year. After fermentation wine was pumped into barrels for aging. These barrels cost $600 to $700
each and had a useful economic life of five years, with almost no residual value. While white wines
remained in barrels for up to a year before bottling, most red wines aged in barrels for two years or
more. Generally, the quality of the final red wine increased with length of barrel aging. Also, barrels
needed to be “topped” every one to two weeks, since some wine was lost through the pores of the
wood. Over a two-year period approximately five % of wine volume was “lost” through the
“breathing” process. Full maturation prior to sale sometimes took another two to three years. These
additional maturation cycles to create quality wines tended to greatly increase inventory investment
costs.
Table wines comprised over 80% of total wine industry sales in the United States. Grapes used for
table wine production could be of varying quality. Varietals—such as Chardonnay, Merlot, Sauvignon
Blanc, Pinot Noir, and Zinfandel—were delicate grapes from vines that typically took at least four years to mature.
Regulatory Environment
The US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), prior to January 2003 had been a
division of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (BATF). The TTB was overseen by the US
Treasury and regulated all alcoholic beverage sales in the United States. The TTB’s truth-in-labeling
standards stated that one variety or varietal—the name of a single grape—could be used if not less
than 75 % of the wine was derived from grapes of that variety, the entire 75 % of which was grown in
the labeled appellation of origin. Appellation denoted that “at least 75 % of a wine value was derived from fruit or agricultural products and grown in place or region indicated.”
In addition to federal regulations and excise taxes, a myriad of state laws and regulations restricted
the sale of alcoholic beverages. These laws in most states required wineries to sell via a “three-tier”
distribution system (winery to distributor to retailer to consumer). Distributor consolidation
increased substantially after the May 16, 2005, Granholm v. Heald United States Supreme Court
decision that prohibited discrimination between in-state products and products from out-of-state.
This decision subsequently served to increase liberalization of shipping wine across some state lines,
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE |
NO RESPONSE |
POOR / UNSATISFACTORY |
SATISFACTORY |
GOOD |
EXCELLENT |
Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. |
30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. |
40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. |
50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. |
Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). |
Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. |
5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. |
10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. |
15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. |
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. |
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors |
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors |
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. |
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. |
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) |
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. |
3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. |
5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper |
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. |
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. |
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