The Science behind Modern Cardiology

May 15, 2023

The Science behind Modern Cardiology

Order ID	53563633773
Type	Essay
Writer Level	Masters
Style	APA
Sources/References	4
Perfect Number of Pages to Order	5-10 Pages

Description/Paper Instructions

Harvey’s Circulation Revolution: The Science behind Modern Cardiology

Modern cardiology, a field dedicated to the study and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, owes its foundations to the groundbreaking discoveries of William Harvey in the 17th century. Harvey’s revolutionary work on the circulation of blood laid the scientific groundwork for our understanding of the cardiovascular system and paved the way for advancements in modern cardiology. In this article, we will explore the key concepts and discoveries behind Harvey’s circulation revolution in 1000 words.

William Harvey, an English physician, published his landmark work, “De Motu Cordis” (On the Motion of the Heart), in 1628. Prior to Harvey’s findings, the understanding of the cardiovascular system was limited and influenced by the theories of the ancient Greek physician Galen. Galen proposed that the liver produced blood, which was then consumed by the body’s tissues, while the heart’s main purpose was to cool the body.

However, Harvey’s meticulous observations, experiments, and deductions challenged Galen’s theories and laid the foundation for a new understanding of the circulatory system. Harvey’s first crucial insight was the idea that the heart acts as a pump, propelling blood throughout the body. He proposed that the heart’s function was not merely to cool the body but to circulate blood in a closed system.

To support his theory, Harvey conducted numerous experiments on animals, carefully documenting his observations. He observed the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart, which he termed “systole” and “diastole.” By dissecting animals and examining their hearts, he also identified the four chambers of the heart and the valves that regulate blood flow, preventing backflow.

One of the most significant aspects of Harvey’s work was his estimation of the amount of blood circulated by the heart. He recognized that the same blood continually circulated through the body and proposed that the heart acted as a pump, pushing blood into the arteries, which then delivered it to the various organs and tissues. Through precise calculations, Harvey estimated that the volume of blood pumped by the heart in an hour exceeded the total volume of the body.

Harvey’s circulation revolution also addressed the question of blood’s direction. He observed that blood traveled in a one-way flow, from the heart to the body’s periphery and back to the heart. This observation led him to propose the concept of a circular motion of blood, driven by the heart’s contractions. Harvey’s understanding of the circulatory system eliminated the need for blood to be produced continuously by the liver, as Galen had suggested.

To further solidify his theory, Harvey studied the relationship between arterial and venous blood. He performed experiments on living animals and noticed that arterial blood had a bright red color, while venous blood had a darker shade. Through these experiments, he established that oxygenated blood from the lungs entered the heart’s left side, while deoxygenated blood from the body entered the heart’s right side. This finding supported the idea of a closed circulatory system.

While Harvey’s work revolutionized the understanding of the cardiovascular system, it took time for his ideas to gain widespread acceptance. His theories faced initial skepticism, and it was only in the following centuries that further scientific advancements, such as the invention of the microscope, enabled the confirmation of his findings. Nonetheless, Harvey’s work laid the foundation for modern cardiology and established the basis for subsequent advancements in understanding and treating cardiovascular diseases.

In conclusion, William Harvey’s circulation revolution in the 17th century marked a turning point in the study of cardiology. His meticulous observations, experiments, and deductions challenged prevailing theories and provided a comprehensive understanding of the cardiovascular system. Harvey’s work on the heart’s pumping function, the one-way flow of blood, and the concept of a closed circulatory system paved

The Science behind Modern Cardiology

RUBRIC

QUALITY OF RESPONSE	NO RESPONSE	POOR / UNSATISFACTORY	SATISFACTORY	GOOD	EXCELLENT
Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points)	Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper.	20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking.	30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking.	40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete.	50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing.
Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points).	Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper.	5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6^th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper.	10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6^th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources.	15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6^th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources.	20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6^th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment.
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points)	Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper.	5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors	10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors	15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage.	20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free.
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points)	Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper.	3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6^th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6^th edition requirements whatsoever.	5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6^th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper	7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment.	10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6^th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper.

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