Sustainable Development Goals Transformations, Interactions & Cross-Cutting Themes
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Sustainable Development Goals Transformations, Interactions & Cross-Cutting Themes
Difference Between Goals, Targets, and Indicators
In September 2015, the United Nations general assembly unanimously adopted a resolution that led to establishing 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) to ensure better living for the entire human race in all countries. According to the English dictionary, goals are objects of a person’s ambitions or targeted efforts aimed at achieving a desired result. To better understand the overview of the sustainable development goals, some strict targets and indicators have been put in place as checks and balances measures. They ensure that the goals are achieved without negative interactions between the various goals in place. According to the English dictionary, targets are objectives towards which intentional direct efforts are put in place to achieve them. On the other hand, indicators are a gauge or meter of the progress made in the achievement of any sustainable development goal.
Sustainable development goals are a major milestone in ensuring that everyone in the world lives a dignified life that is comfortable and accountable. These goals have to be achieved in their totality. Implementing policies around achieving sustainable development goals have led to studies around how achieving a goal affects other goals. These studies revolve around the applicability and feasibility of the measures that have been put in place to achieve them. There are studies around interactions between goals and how best to achieve each goal without undermining other goals. This paper looks into how best to implement various sustainable development goals while giving due consideration to the various interactions each of those goals have with each other.
Difference Between Trade-offs and Synergies
Nilsson et al. (2016) embarked on an extensive study of the sustainable development goals giving complete attention to the interactions of the various goals. He and the company emphasized that the successful implementation of one goal may impact another goal’s successful implementation. He maintained that the impact might either be negative, positive or have no impact at all. This realization puts on hold any implementation measures that policymakers would have to try and realign policy for one goal so that it does not negatively affect other goals.
Implementation of a goal may be dependent on factors that involve implementing other goals. Measures put in place to achieve one goal may directly influence those aimed at achieving another goal. When the influence made is beneficial to achieving the goal, they are said to be in Synergy. Nilsson explained that sometimes the success of one goal might result in the success of another goal. Sometimes, the influence of one goal may be detrimental to the achievement of another goal. This scenario may be best illustrated theoretically where the achievement of a goal is dependent on the failure or incapacity to achieve another goal. This influence is better defined as a trade-off. While implementing sustainable development goals, Nilsson et al. (2016) emphasized the need for policymakers to negotiate sustainable compromises that reduce trade-offs or mitigate the trade-offs’ effects. Since there are no perfect scenarios globally, countries are urged to ensure meaningful mitigation measures to any negative interactions implementing sustainable development goals.
Important Interactions among Sustainable Development Goals
Studies around working towards achieving sustainable development goals have revealed a myriad of grey areas that may influence the goals’ success. Some of the concerns raised revolved around implementation measures that directly impact the ultimate success of a goal. This influence has been defined as the interaction Sachs et al. (2019) between the various goals. Since this concept was first discussed, several studies have been conducted to understand better how these interactions happen and their influence on the success or failure of achieving any of the sustainable development goals.
No poverty (Goal 1) is an ambitious plan to ensure that extreme poverty eradicates the world (un.org). This is the first goal in the list of seventeen sustainable development goals. Its success is paramount to cementing human dignity of all people the world over. As we study how interactions occur among the several goals, it is worth noting that countries providing quality education (Goal 4) are a step ahead in the fight against poverty. An educated population is empowered to generate solutions that in turn generate revenues for the people. This goes a step in the fight against poverty. This implies that achieving the quality education goal boosts the efforts being made while advocating for no poverty (Goal 1). This is a perfect synergy. This is a positive interaction that should be encouraged. It enhances the possibility of success of another goal.
Good health and well-being (Goal 3) is every living persons’ ambition. Health has continued to be a strong pillar of today’s society due to the diverse risk factors that threaten the population’s general health. Take, for instance, the most recent coronavirus pandemic that rocked the world-shaking economies to their knees. A healthy nation is a wealthy nation Warrick and Lattibeaudiere,TRA (2021). Industry, innovations, and infrastructure (Goal 9) measures have greatly undermined this goal’s achievement. Policies around industrialization have resulted in increased pollution through waste effluents and air pollution. Some of these wastes have extreme health consequences on the people that are in the immediate environment. Asthma and cancer are great examples of terminal threats to the lives of many and are a result of poor waste management. This is a negative interaction (Trade-off). The industry’s success (Goal 9) has a detrimental effect on Good health achievement (Goal 3). While industries are increasing scale to maximize profits, their actions directly counteract cancer specialists’ efforts who have linked smoke effluent from industries to a rare type of skin cancer. This is a scenario that most countries have had to deal with the world over.
More studies around interaction among goals should be done to reveal any grey areas that may be unexplored. This will ensure that all the sustainable development goals are achieved by all countries, leaving no one behind. Countries should put in place stringent mitigation measures where there are trade-offs to ensure that a reasonable compromise is achieved for the common good.
Is It Important to Track and Report Progress of Individual Countries in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
Achieving sustainable development goals is every country’s mission. Every United Nations member country vowed to achieve its totality goals to ensure that their citizens live a dignified life. Despite there being only seventeen goals to achieve, every country in the world has developed its unique road map towards achieving these goals. This is due to the diverse nature of people the world over. Different countries live in different realities, which means that achieving one goal in country A may require a different approach than the one in play in country B. The end goal is that every country realizes the benefits of achieving every sustainable development goal. This scenario brings to light a major issue of concern. Should countries track their achievement of these goals? Better still, should individual countries be compelled to share (Report) their track record?
I think they should track and report their progress to the world. The creation and adoption of the sustainable development goals in New York by the United Nations general assembly (2015) was a unanimous and deliberate effort to uplift the livelihoods of all people of the world jointly. These are our shared ambitions as a community of nations. These goals are as important in the United States as they are in China. With this realization, it would be best if countries learn from each other’s experiences to achieve sustainable development goals. Countries will learn from each other’s mistakes and achievements, which will boost the possibility of collective success. Despite the fact that countries have diverse circumstances hence an unequal capacity to achieve the goals for different countries.
No Poverty Good health and well-being Industry and innovation Quality education No poverty
Synergy: Measures to eradicate poverty help improve the general health of the people by affording them better living standards. Synergy: Poverty eradication measures will involve expanding industry. Synergy: Quality education leads to reduced poverty levels in our communities. Trade-off: Some measures to eradicate poverty are too extreme such that they affect the health of the people e.g. long working shifts. Trade-off: Some industry policies rob people off their lands to pave way for expansion Trade-off: Some poverty eradication measures may undermine quality education attempts e.g. child labour Good Health and well being Synergy: Measures to promote good health create employment which eradicates poverty. Synergy: A healthy nation will provide a reliable labour to run the industries Synergy: Promotion of education will result in better quality health services Trade-off: Some measures to eradicated poverty may result in activities that affect health Trade-off: Irresponsible industrial practices may lead to pollution that will affect the health sector. Trade-off: certain education activities such as day long sitting in classrooms may adversely affect the health of students. Industry and innovation Synergy: Increased industrial activity leads to employment which eradicates poverty. Synergy: Creative industrial practices will result in new a medicine and best practices that promote good health. Synergy: Education and innovation are inseparable. Quality education results in advanced innovations. Trade-off: Advanced industrial actions may result in redundancies that might cause unemployment. Trade-off: Certain measures to promote good health may affect measures put in place to promote industry. Trade-off: Advances in education has resulted in adverse innovations that affect industrialization. E.g. pollution from nuclear plants Quality education Synergy: Poverty eradication measures have been used to create quality curriculum content for learners. Synergy: Good health among the students promotes acquisition of quality education. Synergy: Improved industry and innovation boosts the goal of providing quality education Trade-off: Attempts at providing quality education excludes children from actively participating in wealth creation which undermines poverty eradication. Trade-off: Measures to promote good health such as limiting the number of hours students are in school affects the provision of quality education. Trade-off: Measures to regulate industry undermine the effects of innovation from quality education in advancement of education for all.
Table 1: A contrast of the various synergies C that occur due to the interactions while achieving sustainable development goals.
Six Transformations in Sustainable Development Goals Interaction
These transformations are priority investment areas identified as crucial to the successful implementation of sustainable development goals. They are modular building blocks Sachs (2019) that address issues such as regulatory and policy formulations, among other key factors. The six transformations were a consequence of adopting the sustainable development goals and the Paris agreement on climate change (2015). They were designed to be operationalized by being incorporated within government structures such as ministries and parastatals. They are as follows:
Education Gender and Inequality
Governments were tasked to formulate policies that protected every child’s right to acquire basic education within their jurisdictions. This may be implemented through the ministry of education,
Health, Well-being, and demography
Governments are required to develop capacity to treat their citizens in the most affordable yet high-quality manner possible. The government should ensure the population is healthy.
Energy, Decarbonisation and Sustainable Industry
With an increase in the demand for sustainable clean energy to fuel the rising industrial sector, countries should put policies to protect citizens from pollution and practices that degrade the environment.
Sustainable Food, Land, Water, and Oceans
These resources define our modern-day economic outlook. Countries should formulate laws and regulations that promote food security and sustainable use of our natural resources.
Sustainable Cities and Communities
Since the urban population is growing exponentially, there is a need to draft a law and policy that will create safe, clean, and sustainable urban dwellings where the communities there are provided with a dignified environment to live in.
Digital Revolution for Sustainable Development
We live in the age of technology, and the internet has come to change how we live our day-to-day lives. Countries should develop regulations that ensure secure and affordable access and policy to empower people to make the most out of the exposure they have to the World Wide Web.
References
Sachs, J.D., Schmidt-Traub, G., Mazzucato, M. et al. Six Transformations to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Nat Sustain 2, 805–814 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0352-9
Warrick, Lattibeaudiere. Jamaica Observer. Healthy nation, Wealthy nation.
United Nations. #Envision2030: 17 goals to transform the world for persons with disabilities.
https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030.html#menu-header-menu
Mainali B, Luukkanen J, Silveira S, Kaivo-oja J. Evaluating Synergies and Trade-Offs among Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Explorative Analyses of Development Paths in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Sustainability. 2018; 10(3):815.
Bengtsson, S., Barakat, B. & Muttarak, R. 2018. The Role of Education in Enabling the Sustainable Development Agenda, Routledge, 9781138307957.
Collste, D., Pedercini, M. & Cornell, S. E. 2017. Policy coherence to achieve the SDGs: using integrated simulation models to assess effective policies. Sustainability Science, 12, 921- 931
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