Iran, Victim of Cyber Warfare Case Study
Order ID 53563633773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
General questions
1. (Document A, paras. 1 – 8, 10, 12 – 15, 22 24; Document B, paras. 1, 2, 7 10, 12-13)a. (Document A, paras. 1 3, 5- 8, 10, 15 16, 22 24; Document B, paras. 1, 2, 7 10, 12 13) What distinguishes Stuxnet from other viruses? How did it work? What was its purpose? What were its effects?
b. (Document A, paras. 1 4, 7 8, 12 15; Document B, para. 13) What was to be gained from damaging and destroying the Iranian centrifuges? Who was responsible for the damage and destruction of the Iranian centrifuges? Is attribution under public international law a necessary precondition for an analysis of whether IHL applies?
II. Qualification of the situation
2. (Document A, 1, 2, 10, 11, 21 23; Document B, 2, 10, 12, 13)a. Does IHL apply in the present case? If so, could you classify the conflict? In this case, did an armed attack in the sense of the UN Charter occur? Was the attack an act of violence covered by P I, Art. 49?
b. With respect to the events at the Natanz nuclear facility, could one consider that the applicability of IHL was triggered?
c. If IHL does not apply, which framework regulates the matter? With what consequences?
III. Conduct of hostilities
3. (Document A, paras. 1, 2, 10, 11, 21- 23; Document B, paras. 2, 3, 10, 12, 13)a. Is there a difference between a cyber-attack and an attack under IHL? (P I, Art. 49)
b. (Document A, 1, 2, 10, 11, 21 23; Document B, 2, 10, 12, 13) Did the Stuxnet attack comply with the principle of distinction when it was unleashed? (P I, Art. 48, 51, 52)
c. Were Irans centrifuges a legitimate military objective? Can an attack against a civilian object be considered lawful if the attack does not result in destruction or if its effects are reversible? (P I, Art. 52)
d. (Document B, para. 3) Is the prohibition contained in Art. 56 P I dependent on the type of weapons or methods of warfare used? Was the prohibition violated in the present case? If Stuxnet would have unleashed destructive radiological materials, what would likely have been Tehrans reaction? Why?
e. In general, does the use of Computer Network Attacks (CNA) expand the range of legitimate targets? Why/Why not?
f. Would uniformed military personnel, computer operators launching viruses or accessing the opponents network be considered spies under IHL? Legitimate targets? In the present case? (P I, Art. 46, 48, 52)
IV. Proportionality and Precautions
4. (Document, paras. 2, 21 24; Document B, para. 13)a. What were the incidental effects of the Stuxnet attack? Is the principle of proportionality relevant in the present case? Why/Why not? (P I, Art. 51, 57)
b. Does the injunction to take precautions in both attack and defence apply during peacetime? Are these questions relevant in the present case? (P I, Art. 57, 58)
V. New Weapons
5. (Document A, paras. 13 14)a. In your opinion, did the development of the Stuxnet virus comply with Article 36? Is it feasible to apply Article 36 to situations of cyberwarfare?
VI. Miscellaneous
6.a. Did the use of Stuxnet violate the UN Charter?
b. In your opinion, should IHL be adapted to address the realities of the changing cyber landscape and its potential battlefields?
c. From an IHL perspective, do you see some advantages in cyber warfare? Why?
d. Does the destruction of data constitute an attack under IHL? Can an armed conflict start as a result of such destruction?
e. What is the temporal scope of IHL? Do cyberattacks raise some particular issues in this regard?
f. Did this incident involve the commission of war crimes? In general, do you see some particular problems in relation to the belligerent nexus required for the commission of war crimes and cyber warfare?
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. 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