From Sputnik to SpaceX 

From Sputnik to SpaceX

Description/Paper Instructions

From Sputnik to SpaceX

The launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, marked the beginning of the space race between the US and the USSR. Sputnik’s success had a profound impact on the US, triggering a sense of urgency to catch up and overtake the Soviets in space technology. This event sparked an era of remarkable advancements in space exploration, culminating in the private space company, SpaceX, founded by entrepreneur Elon Musk in 2002.

In the early years of the space race, the US focused on manned missions, including the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs. The Apollo program’s highlight was the first human landing on the moon in 1969, which put the US ahead of the USSR in the race to the moon. In 1971, the Soviet Union launched the first space station, Salyut 1, starting a new phase in space exploration.

After the Apollo program ended, NASA began to shift its focus to space shuttle missions in the 1980s. The shuttle program allowed for frequent launches and landings and facilitated the construction of the International Space Station (ISS), a joint project between multiple countries to conduct research in microgravity.

In the 1990s, commercial companies began to take an interest in space exploration, with companies such as Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and Orbital Sciences Corporation developing reusable spacecraft for NASA. However, it was SpaceX, founded in 2002 by Elon Musk, that revolutionized the commercial space industry.

SpaceX began by developing the Falcon 1 rocket, which had its first successful launch in 2008. The company’s focus on reusable rockets and reducing the cost of space launches challenged the traditional model of space exploration, which relied on disposable rockets. The Falcon 9 rocket, first launched in 2010, has since become the cornerstone of SpaceX’s fleet, with over 130 launches to date.

In 2012, SpaceX became the first private company to send a spacecraft, the Dragon capsule, to the ISS. This marked a significant shift in the space industry, with private companies now partnering with NASA and other space agencies to conduct research and supply the ISS.

In addition to launching rockets, SpaceX has also made significant advancements in the development of spacecraft. The Crew Dragon spacecraft, launched in 2020, marked the first time astronauts were launched from US soil since the end of the shuttle program in 2011. SpaceX also plans to develop a reusable spacecraft, the Starship, which could potentially take humans to Mars and other destinations in the solar system.

SpaceX’s success has not gone unnoticed, with other private companies such as Blue Origin, founded by Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, and Virgin Galactic, founded by Richard Branson, also entering the space industry. The competition between these companies is driving innovation and pushing the boundaries of space exploration.

In conclusion, the space race that began with the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 has led to remarkable advancements in space exploration. NASA’s manned missions, space shuttle program, and the ISS were significant achievements in space exploration. However, it was SpaceX, founded by Elon Musk in 2002, that revolutionized the commercial space industry by developing reusable rockets and spacecraft. With private companies now partnering with NASA and other space agencies, the future of space exploration looks bright, with potential for human missions to Mars and beyond.

RUBRIC QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points:  Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50:  The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50:  The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately.  Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50:  The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples.  The answer is complete. 50 points:  The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples.  No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points:  Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points:  Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points:  References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated.  Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points:  Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented.  APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors.  There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points:  Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented.  APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) Zero points:  Student failed to submit the final paper. 5 points out of 20:  The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors  10 points out 20:  The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors 15 points out of 20:  The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. 20 points:  The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) Zero points:  Student failed to submit the final paper. 3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. 5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements.  The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper 7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. 10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper.
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