Case Studies in Environmental Issues and Policy Analysis
Order ID 53563633773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
Case Studies in Environmental Issues and Policy Analysis
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Case Studies in Environmental Issues and Policy Analysis
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Actions to take to Minimize Air Pollution caused by Transportation in Mexico City
Air pollution is a serious environmental problem that many cities are grappling with presently. This has prompted stakeholders in the field to try to come up with strategies of curbing it as a way of alleviating associated health problems and preserving mother earth for posterity. Many planners and managers in urban areas prefer the use of public transport over the private ones in controlling air pollution arising as seen in the case of Mexico City.
Mexico was considered one of the most populated areas in the early 1990s, and air pollution has been of great concern since then. For people between thirty and seventy years, air pollution has contributed to approximately seventeen percent of all deaths caused by non-communicable diseases (Betancourt et al., 2019). Individuals in urban areas are of specific interest since they are exposed to a significant amount of air pollutants, which can lead to serious health issues. Exposure to air pollutants harms people’s health.
The leading causes of air pollution in Mexico City include transportation, industrialization, urbanization, and individuals’ daily activities. The geographical environment further exacerbates pollution. The metropolitan area of Mexico City covers the city itself and the surrounding states and cities located in the Mexico Valley. This annular basin formed by the eruption of ancient volcanoes is not conducive to the dissipation of emissions. Besides, the altitude with less oxygen results in a reduction in the efficiency of the vehicle engine and increase of the releasing pollutants.
Over the past two decades, Mexico has introduced different measures, programs, and policies to reduce pollution and enhance the urban public transport network in Mexico City. For instance, Metrobus, Mexico City’s bus rapid transport (BRT) network, was introduced in June 2005 to ease the congestion, cut air-polluting emissions, and enhance the city’s transport efficiency (Bel & Holst, 2018). In 2016, a Supreme Court overturned a ruling that barred all cars that are over eight years old from the streets. This ruling introduced more than 1.4 million cars back on the road each day. The city reported an air pollution alert during this period, which indicated that its air pollution problems still exist. As such, there is a need to come up with effective strategies to address the air pollution problems in the city.
This paper will take advantage of field data and existing literature to establish how the current public transportation impacts on air pollution and whether the existing environmental policy is effective in reducing air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter of bellow 10µm (PM10) (Shinohara et al., 2017). This paper will also discuss economic factors such as the legal, administrative, and enforcement costs; operation costs; and capital costs when deciding on the policies that would be adopted to address the air pollution problem. From the obtained results and the conclusions regarding public transportation and air pollution, this paper will recommend policy changes to improve the city’s air quality while considering the health perspective of the existing public transportation.
References
Bel, G., & Holst, M. (2018). Evaluation of the impact of bus rapid transit on air pollution in Mexico City. Transport Policy, 63, 209-220.
Betancourt, R. M., Galvis, B., Rincón-Riveros, J. M., Rincón-Caro, M. A., Rodriguez-Valencia, A., & Sarmiento, O. L. (2019). Personal exposure to air pollutants in a Bus Rapid Transit System: Impact of fleet age and emission standard. Atmospheric Environment, 202, 117-127.
Shinohara, N., Ángeles, F., Basaldud, R., Cardenas, B., & Wakamatsu, S. (2017). Reductions in commuter exposure to volatile organic compounds in Mexico City due to the environmental program ProAire2002–2010. Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 27(3), 339-345.
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. 50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors 10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors 15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. 20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. 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The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. 10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. GET THIS PROJECT NOW BY CLICKING ON THIS LINK TO PLACE THE ORDER
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